Kumiswa, Isayensi

Ithebula lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni: inkathi, isikhathi, isimo sezulu, izinto eziphilayo

Ukuphila Emhlabeni umsuka iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi 3.5 edlule, ngokushesha nje ngemva kokwakhiwa ka ungqimba lomhlaba. Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa eziphilayo abathintekayo ukwakheka impumuzo, isimo sezulu. Futhi, izinguquko zomhlaba kanye zezulu ezenzeke eminyakeni badukiswa ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Ithebula lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kungenziwa shi, esekelwe kwezikhathi nezehlakalo. It kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izigaba ezithile wonke umlando Earth. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo - lena inkathi yokuphila. Basuke ihlukaniswe nangenkathi, inkathi - esikhathini, inkathi on inkathi, inkathi - eminyaka.

Era lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni

Yonke isikhathi ukhona lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zingahlukaniswa zibe nezikhathi ezimbili: Precambrian, noma kriptozoy (inkathi eyinhloko iminyaka 3.6 kuya 0.6 bhiliyoni ubudala), kanye Phanerozoic.

Kriptozoy kuhlanganisa Archean (ukuphila lasendulo), kanye Proterozoic (ekuphileni okuyinhloko) inkathi.

Phanerozoic kuhlanganisa Paleozoic (ukuphila lasendulo), Mesozoic (ukuphila phakathi) kanye Cenozoic (impilo entsha) inkathi.

Lezi 2 nezikhathi zokuphila zingahlukaniswa zibe amancane - inkathi. Imingcele phakathi nangenkathi - global yokuziphendukela kwemvelo umcimbi ukuqothulwa. Ngakwelinye inkathi izingxenye izinkathi, nezikhathi - zangenkathi. Umlando wokuphila Emhlabeni ixhunyaniswe yezinguquko uqweqwe eMhlabeni kanye sezulu emhlabeni.

Inkathi ukuthuthukiswa, countdown

Lo mcimbi enkulu kunazo isinqumo ukwaba ethize zinkathi - inkathi. Isikhathi oda reverse, kusukela endala ekuphileni entsha. Kukhona 5 er:

  1. Archean.
  2. Proterozoic.
  3. Paleozoic.
  4. Mesozoic.
  5. Cenozoic.

Amaphiriyodi lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni

Paleozoic, Mesozoic futhi Cainozoe zihlanganisa nezikhathi yentuthuko. Lesi sikhathi ezincane ngezikhawu, kuqhathaniswa nangenkathi.

Era Paleozoic:

  • ECambria (eCambria).
  • Ordovician.
  • Silurian (Silurian).
  • Devon (Devon).
  • Coal (carbon).
  • Perm (Perm).

Era Mesozoic:

  • Triassic (Triassic).
  • Jurassic (Jurassic).
  • Chalk (whiting).

Era Cenozoic:

  • Lower ephakeme (Paleogenic).
  • Upper ephakeme (Neogen).
  • Quaternary, noma yabantu (lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu).

Eyokuqala 2 nezikhathi afakiwe esikhathini ephakeme eziyizigidi ezingu-59. Iminyaka.

Ithebula lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni
Era, inkathi isikhathi izilwane zasendle ubunjalo ezingaphili, isimo sezulu
Inkathi Archean (ukuphila lasendulo) iminyaka 3.5 bhiliyoni Ukubukeka ulwelwe oluluhlaza, inqubo ye-photosynthesis. heterotrophs Predominance komhlaba ahamba phezu kolwandle enza inani lemali elincane oksijini emkhathini.

Inkathi Proterozoic (iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe)

eminyakeni 2.7 bhiliyoni Ukubukeka izimpethu, ama-mollusk le chordates lokuqala, inhlabathi kumiswa. Land - itshe ehlane. Ukuthola oksijini emkhathini.
Palaeozoic yakhiwa 6 nezikhathi:
1. eCambria (eCambria) iminyaka eyizigidi 535-490 Ukuthuthukiswa yezinto eziphilayo. Isimo sezulu esishisayo. Izwe eyihlane.
2. Ordovician iminyaka eyizigidi 490-443 Ukuvela ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Ugcwalise amanzi cishe wonke amapulatifomu.
3. Silurian (Silurian) iminyaka eyizigidi 443-418 izitshalo ukufinyelela ezweni. Ukuthuthukiswa yamakhorali, trilobite. Movement of ungqimba lomhlaba ekwakhekeni ezintabeni. Sea BUSA umhlaba. Isimo sezulu ahlukahlukene.
4. Devonian (Devon) iminyaka eyizigidi 418-360 Ukubukeka amakhowe, Crossopterygii. Ezemfundo imicengezi intermountain. I predominance of ezomile.
5. Amalahle (carbon) iminyaka eyizigidi 360-295 Ukubukeka we izilwane zasemhlabeni kuqala. Ukwehlisa amazwekazi ugcwalise izindawo futhi ukuvela futhi ayinawo amaxhaphozi. Esimweni, eziningi umoya-mpilo ne-carbon dioxide.

6. Perm (Perm)

iminyaka eyizigidi 295-251 Ukuqothulwa Kwezinto trilobite, nezilwane eziphila ezweni kakhulu. Qala ezihuquzelayo nezinambuzane. mlilo. Isimo sezulu esishisayo.
Inkathi Mesozoic kuhlanganisa izinkathi ezintathu:
1. Triassic (Triassic) iminyaka eyizigidi 251-200 Kutfutfukiswa gymnosperms. ezincelisayo Okokuqala nezinhlanzi bony. mlilo. sezulu esifudumele futhi ngokucijile ezwekazini.
2. Jurassic (Jurassic) iminyaka eyizigidi 200-145 Ukuvela angiosperms. Distribution ezihuquzelayo, ukubukeka pervoptitsy. sezulu Soft futhi efudumele.
3. Chalk (umcako) iminyaka eyizigidi 145-60 Ukubukeka izinyoni, ezincelisayo ephakeme. Isimo sezulu efudumele, kulandele lwaluyophola.
Inkathi Cainozoic kuhlanganisa izinkathi ezintathu:
1. Lower ephakeme (Paleogenic) eminyakeni million 65-23 Sokuthuthwa kwempahla le angiosperms. Ukuthuthukiswa isinambuzane ukuvela lemurs kanye wezinkawu. Isimo sezulu imnene ukukhululwa esishintshashintshayo zezulu.

2. Upper ephakeme (Neogen)

iminyaka eyizigidi 23-1,8 Ukuvela abantu basendulo. ezomile.

3. eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni noma yabantu (ukukhula komuntu)

iminyaka eyizigidi 1,8-0 Ukubukeka indoda. Cooling.

Ukuthuthukiswa eziphilayo

Ithebula lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kuhilela ngokwahlukana hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi ngezikhawu, kodwa ngezinye izigaba ezithile kwetinhlavu eziphilayo, kungenzeka izinguquko sezulu (ice age, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke).

  • Inkathi Archean. Izinguquko ezinohlonze ukuvela eziphilayo - Akukhona ukubukeka ulwelwe oluluhlaza - prokaryotes uyakwazi ukwenza amakhophi kanye nokukhokhela i-photosynthesis, ukuvela eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Ukubukeka namaprotheni ophilayo (heterotrophs) uyakwazi iyavuleka ziyoncibilika izinto eziphilayo. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuvela eziphilayo avunyelwe ukuba kwahlukaniswe izwe ku yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.
  • Inkathi Proterozoic. Ukuvela ulwelwe owumphumela, annelid izimpethu, molluscs, zasolwandle coelenterates worm. Ukubukeka we chordates lokuqala (lancelet). Inhlabathi kumiswa kwenzeka emhlabeni imizimba amanzi.
  • I Paleozoic Era.
    • iCambrian. Ukuthuthukiswa ulwelwe, ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle, ama-mollusk.
    • Ordovician. carapace Trilobite washintsha usimende. Common cephalopods ngqo noma igobolondo athe lwalugobile. I ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo lokuqala - ichthyoids izilwane jawless telodonty. Izinto eziphilayo tibheke emanzini.
    • Silurian. Ukuthuthukiswa yamakhorali, trilobite. Kukhona le ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo kuqala. izitshalo ukuvuma umhlaba (psilophytes).
    • isikhathi Devonian. Ukubukeka of izinhlanzi stegocephalia kuqala. Ukuvela isikhunta. Ukuthuthukiswa yokuqothulwa psilophytes. Ukuthuthukiswa kusezweni spore ephakeme.
    • Amalahle Perm nezikhathi. Izwe yasendulo egcwele ezihuquzelayo, kukhona ezihuquzelayo isilwane-like. trilobite ezingasekho. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kwesikhathi Carboniferous. Kutfutfukiswa gymnosperms, Izinhlobo.
  • Era Mesozoic.
  • isikhathi Triassic. Ukusatshalaliswa izitshalo (gymnosperms). Ukwandisa inani ezihuquzelayo. ezincelisayo Okokuqala, nenhlanzi bone.
  • isikhathi Jurassic. Predominance gymnosperms, angiosperms ukubukeka. Ukuvela pervoptitsy cephalopods eziqhakaza.
  • isikhathi Cretaceous. Ukubhebhetheka angiosperms, ukuncishiswa nezinye zezimila. Ukuthuthukiswa zezinhlanzi bony, ezincelisayo nezinyoni.

  • Inkathi Cenozoic.
    • Lower isikhathi ephakeme (Paleogenic). Sokuthuthwa kwempahla le angiosperms. Ukuthuthukiswa amaseli izinambuzane mammalian, ukubonakala lemurs, wezinkawu kamuva.
    • Upper isikhathi ephakeme (Neogen). Kumiswa izitshalo yesimanje. Ukuvela okhokho babantu.
    • Quaternary (yabantu). Kumiswa izitshalo yesimanje nezilwane. Ukubukeka indoda.

izimo Development bemvelo ezingaphili, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu

Ithebula lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ayikwazi ezethulwa ngaphandle idatha izinguquko bemvelo ezingaphili. Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, a izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo nezilwane, zonke ukuthi lokhu kuhambisana nokubuka izinguquko imvelo ezingaphili, isimo sezulu.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: inkathi Archean

Umlando wokuphila Emhlabeni Zaqala eminyakeni engaphezu esigabeni umhlaba yokudlanga kwemithombo yamanzi. Sokusiza ujenga kancane. Esimweni-carbon dioxide evelele, inani eliphansi oxygen. Ngo amanzi angajulile of usawoti ongaphakeme.

Ngoba inkathi Archaean libhekene izintabamlilo umbani, amafu amnyama. Amadwala abacebile-graphite.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngenkathi Proterozoic

Land - ogwadule itshe, zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila emanzini. Ngo umoya-mpilo zanqwabelana.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Palaeozoic

Ezinkathini ezahlukene Paleozoic inkathi elandelayo iphutha ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu :

  • iCambrian. Izwe namanje dengwane. Isimo sezulu esishisayo.
  • Ordovician. Izinguquko ezinohlonze - ke Ugcwalise cishe zonke yesikhulumi enyakatho.
  • Silurian. izinguquko Tectonic e izimo bemvelo ezingaphili ahlukahlukene. Orogeny kwenzeka, kolwandle BUSA umhlaba. Ezifundeni sezulu ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izindawo indlu.
  • isikhathi Devonian. Egajwe ezomile kuyinto ezwekazini. Ezemfundo imicengezi intermountain.
  • isikhathi Carboniferous. Ukwehlisa amazwekazi, amaxhaphozi. Isimo sezulu siyashisa futhi sinomswakama, umoya-mpilo emkhathini futhi eningi-carbon dioxide.
  • Permian. Hot sezulu, mlilo, orogeny, amaxhaphozi omiswe.

Ngenkathi Paleozoic Caledonian alo entabeni kwakhiwa. Izinguquko ezinjalo, ngakho in the landscape bathonya ocean global - imicengezi zasolwandle kwehle, kwakhiwa indawo enkulu ezweni.

Palaeozoic okuqalwe cishe yonke imikhakha ezinkulu lamafutha amalahle.

Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu i-Mesozoic

Ukuze ezikhathi ezinobude obungalingani isimo sezulu Mesozoic libhekene izici ezilandelayo:

  • isikhathi Triassic. umsebenzi Volcanic, isimo sezulu ngokucijile Continental, efudumele.
  • isikhathi Jurassic. sezulu Soft futhi efudumele. Sea BUSA umhlaba.
  • isikhathi Cretaceous. I baleka kolwandle ezweni. Isimo sezulu efudumele, kodwa ekupheleni kwesikhathi yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke indawo a snap ebandayo.

Ngo Mesozoic entabeni izinhlelo kwakhiwa wabhujiswa, kusale amanzi plain (eNtshonalanga yeSiberia). Engxenyeni kwenkathi yesibili kwakheka Cordillera ezintabeni zakwa-Eastern eSiberia, Indochina, ingxenye Tibet, kwakheka entabeni Mesozoic ukusonga. Isikhathi esiningi sezulu kuhlale kushisa futhi kunomswakama, lula ukwakheka kanye Peat bogs.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu - Era Cenozoic

I Cenozoic inkathi kwakukhona ukuphakamisa jikelele surface eMhlabeni. Kushintshe isimo sezulu kungazelelwe. Ziningi izinguzunga zeqhwa emhlabeni nesembozo sivela enyakatho kwashintsha umlando we amazwekazi yeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. emathafeni ugingqe kwamiswa ngenxa yezinguquko ezifana.

  • Lower isikhathi ephakeme. Isimo sezulu imnene. Lesi sigaba yaba izingxenye ezintathu zezulu. Kumiswa amazwekazi.
  • Upper isikhathi ephakeme. ezomile. Livela asemaqeleni, savannah.
  • isikhathi quaternary. glaciation okuphindiwe Nenkabazwe. Ukupholisa sezulu.

Zonke izinguquko phakathi ukuthuthukiswa lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kungenziwa yalotshwa njengezingoma zohlobo oluthile amathebula ezibonisa izigaba eziphawuleka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla. Naphezu izindlela eyaziwayo uphenyo, futhi manje ososayensi basaqhubeka ukufunda umlando, izinto ezintsha, ukuthi imiphakathi ufunde indlela ukuthuthukisa ukuphila Emhlabeni ngaphambi kokuba abantu.

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