Ngesilwane esifuywayo of Organic compounds

Esikhathini izincwadi chemical nokusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke amagama biosoedineny organic esekelwe ezahlukene nomenclatural izinhlelo. Kunesidingo ukuhlangabezana nezimiso zabo eziyisisekelo.

Ngesilwane esifuywayo of Organic compounds.

Namuhla, ngenxa yegama okufanayo udaba eziphilayo ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ezintathu ngesilwane esifuywayo: zomlando, noma zincane (French kusho ezikhululekile, okungezona bangempela) okunengqondo (smart, efanelekayo) kanye ezesayensi noma ehlelekile yesayensi IUPAC asethuthukile.

A ngesilwane esifuywayo eziwubala of organic compounds uye kwavela kanjani ngengozi, lapho kuvulwa ethile udaba eziphilayo. Amagama ezinganekwane ezingokwesayensi ngokuvamile babonisa imithombo yemvelo kusuka lapho kuqala etholakala kwakwakhe organic (ETHYL utshwala, urea, umoba, lactate, acetate, citrate, formic acid), izindlela bokukhiqiza izidakamizwa (ester wax unogada), imikhaya ososayensi eyathola enkompolo (Lewis acid, hydrocarbon Chichibabin, ketones Michler sika). Ngezinye izikhathi lezi amagama babe okungahleliwe (i-methane, acetone, asparagine, ama-carbohydrate).

ngesilwane esifuywayo Rational organic compounds

Kusekelwe amagama eziwubala izinto ezilula ejwayelekile lokhu class of organic compounds engqamuzana lapho eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kwama-atom hydrogen bathathelwe indawo nomunye athomu noma amaqembu athomu. Ngokwesibonelo, ethane ngesikhathi ngesilwane esifuywayo okunengqondo ngokuthi metilmetanom; ETHYL utshwala (utshwala etholakala carbinol elula) - metilkarbinolom; propionic acid - methyl acetate acid njll Nokho, kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu biostructures eziyinkimbinkimbi lokhu ngesilwane esifuywayo izinto eziphilayo ezingafanele. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka kudalwa ngesilwane esifuywayo entsha yesayensi, biosoedineniya igama oyiyo kufanele zifane nomunye.

I ngesilwane esifuywayo yesayensi organic compounds ezakhiwe IUPAC kuyinto inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke ngenhla ethulwa. Ngokusho imithetho yayo, ngamunye izidakamizwa organic, noma evulekile ngaphambilini kwemiqondo futhi kuhlelwe izinsuku zethu, wabelwa igama yesayensi, okuyinto esetshenziswa bamakhemikhali emhlabeni wonke.

Eziyisisekelo we ngesilwane esifuywayo nabazali bokutholwa lapho isinyathelo we-German organic wemithi A. V Gofmana (1818-1892) e 1892 ngesikhathi International Congress of bemithi Geneva (lokhu ngesilwane esifuywayo of organic compounds ngokuthi Geneva). Nge ukuthuthukiswa yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic kuyathuthuka kulekelelwa. Ngesikhathi Congress of the IUPAC eLondon (1947) kuye kwakhiwa futhi evunywe isimo samanje ngokuthi "IUPAC ngesilwane esifuywayo Regulations" amagama organic compounds.

Lapho IUPAC (Geneva) wadala ikhomishini unomphela, bese uvula kwemiqondo compounds entsha organic ukunikeza amagama olunembile ngokwesayensi. Ngo ezwe elaliyi-USSR wanyathelisa imiqulu engu ezintathu we "imithetho IUPAC ngesilwane esifuywayo" (1 no 2 vols 1979, t yesithathu - .. 1983). Ngokuhambisana lezi zakhi imithetho isihloko siqukethe ngamazwi ukuqokwa isakhiwo kanye izingxenyana izimpawu ezibonisa kwezingcezu zokuxhumana indlela.

Proposed izindlela ezine kumiswa amagama IUPAC: 1) substitutive - ngesisekelo igama ukuthatha kunye, kanti eyesibili kubhekwa njengento substituent ka-hydrogen, isib, (C6H5) 2Kro - diphenylmethane, 2) elihlangana, lapho igama kwakwakhe akhiwe kusuka molecule eziningana alinganayo ezifana C6H5 -S6N5 - biphenyl; 3) obusebenzayo olukhulu lapho ngesisekelo lapha kufanele igama leqembu tekusebentisa igama olukhulu, ezifana CH = CHC1 - vinyl chloride, futhi 4) ukushintshashintsha esikhundleni ngesilwane esifuywayo isetshenziswa efaka i-hydrogen organic compounds sakhiwa molecule okuyizinto ama-athomu nekarbonovye.

Ngo umsebenzi nsuku zonke ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izimiso ka olukhulu izindlela tekusebentisa substitutive IUPAC ngesilwane esifuywayo.