I-ethyl utshwala: ulwazi jikelele, izindlela zokulungiselela nokusebenza

Ama-alcohols ayakhiwe ama-hydrocarbons, eqoqeni lapho enye noma ngaphezulu i-hydrogen ishintshwa yi-hydroxyl (OH). Ukuphuza utshwala obuphansi kuncibilika kuzo zonke izinhlobo emanzini. Ngama-acids, amafomu e-alcohol ethers. I-hydrogen eqenjini i-hydroxyl ingashintshwa. Ngakho-ke, kwenziwa isenzo se-metallic sodium, alcoholates. Inqubo yokwelapha i-hydrolysis, i-alcoholates ilahleka emanzini nase- soda caustic.

Iziphuzo eziphambili ziyakhambelana kahle ukuze zenze ama-aldehydes. I-Aldehydes yizinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezingenawo amaqembu e-OH futhi anganikeli ama-esters; Nge-oxidation eqhubekayo ihlahlela ibe yi-acids ngenani elincane lama-athomu e-carbon. Lapho kutholakala ukuphuza amanzi ngokweqile , kutholakala ama-hydrocarboni angenayo i-insaturated. Emzimbeni, isenzo sokuphuza utshwala esiphezulu se-aliphatic, ngokujwayelekile, ngokweqile. Amandla esenzo sokuphuza ngokweqile ancike ezindaweni zawo zomzimba. Uma kuqhathaniswa utshwala owodwa kanye nohlobo lwe-polyhydric, kuphawulwe ukuthi imiphumela yalokho okugcina iyancipha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ilahlekile ngokuphelele, njll. Ukwandiswa kwenani lama hydroxyls ekomlekheni kunciphisa umphumela wezamakhemikhali, isibonelo, i-glycerol ayinayo umphumela wokuhlambalaza.

Ukulungiselela u-ethyl utshwala

Utshwala ngezinhloso zezokwelapha utholakala ngokuvutha izinto ezishukela. Ama-carbohydrate we rye, amazambane, ummbila nezinye izinto zokutshala zenziwa ukuvutshelwa. Kunezigaba ezimbalwa eziphakathi kokuvutshelwa utshwala owaziwayo namuhla . Ku-distillery, izinto ezingenayo (amazambane, njll.) Zihlanza kuqala emhlabathini futhi zingcolile, bese zilayishwa ku-pail ekhethekile, lapho kukhishwa khona umcengezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ema-atmospheres amabili noma amathathu. Isitashi, esivela kumazambane, siphenduka sibe unamathisela. Ubuningi obangelwayo budluliselwa ku-mash tank futhi lapho, ngomoya onyakazayo, ubusisiwe kuze kube ama-degree angu-50. I-Malt yengezwa kuyo ekuhlungeni kwezingu-10% zesisindo samazambane. I-Malt ilungiselelwe ukuhluma kwebhali. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma kwebhali kumanhlamvu kukhona inqubo yokwakheka nokuqoqwa kwama-enzyme, okunye okuyi-enzyme yama-amylase. Le enzyme i-hydrolyses i-starch ibe i-maltose. I-Maltose iguqulwa ibe yi-glucose ngaphansi kwethonya le-enzyme invertin emkhatsini we-aqueous medium. Lezi zinsuku ezithonywa yimvula ziphenduka i-ethyl alcohol kanye nokukhululwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Le nqubo ibhekwa njengephelele lapho ukukhululwa kwe-carbon dioxide kumiswa. Uketshezi oluthile olubizwa ngokuthi i-bob, eliqukethe cishe u-18% utshwala nemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokuvutha - i-glycerol, i-ethanal (i-acetate aldehyde), utshwala obukhulu, ama-ether, njll. Khona-ke i-mash ihlushwa ukulungiswa. Okokuqala, kutholakala inhlanganisela yokuphuza utshwala okungaba ngu-70%, kanti izinga lalo mkhakha likhuphuke libe ngu-96%. U-ethyl utshwala ekuhlanjululeni kokugcina kudluliselwa ngomboni osebenzayo.

Kuzuzisa ngokwezomnotho ukukhiqiza utshwala ngokweqile - kusuka e-ethylene, okuyilapho i- sulfate iphendula, inikeza i-sulfatoethyl ether, yahlakazwa yisenzo samanzi ku-ethyl alcohol no-sulfate acid. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi utshwala lungenziwa ngokwenziwa kwe-acetylene. Ngalesi sizathu, i-acetylene idluliselwa ngesisombululo se-sulfate acid, lapho kukhona khona i-catalyst, ifaka amanzi, i-ethanol. I-Aldehyde i-distilled futhi iyancishiswa nge-hydrogen kotshwala. Ukuhlushwa utshwala kuboniswa ngamadigri, isibonelo, 33 °, 40 °. Lezi zindidi zibonisa ukuthi utshwala luqukethe kangakanani ama-volume units angu-100 yalesi sixazululo.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokuphuza utshwala:

- okuluhlaza (92-95 °), akuhlanjululwanga ngokwanele emafutheni amafutha ne-aldehydes;

- kulungiswe (95-96 °), cishe mahhala ukungcola;

- Absolute - cishe engenamanzi;

- i-denatured - utshwala obuhlaza, okwakungenwe yiziphi izisekelo ze-nitrogen zemvelo ezenziwe nge-pyridine; Isetshenziselwa izinhloso zobuchwepheshe nezokufuya.

I-ethyl yotshwala iyinhlangano evuthayo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo engenazo ezenzakalelayo, iphunga elidakayo kanye nenambithelo evuthayo. Uphuzo oluhlanzekile luyisimo esihle semvelo. Ubuningi be-ethyl utshwala buxhomeke ekugxilweni kwawo ekuxazululeni (isibonelo, 40-0.9352, 70-0.8677, 96-0.8014).

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ethanol

Ukudla noma ukubulala ama-microorganisms, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kuka-60-70%. Isidakamizwa senza ukugaya ukudla, kugxilise ngokucophelela umsebenzi wesikhungo sokuphefumula nenhliziyo ngenkathi kudikibala. Ukusebenza kwangaphandle kusetshenziswe njenge-disinfectant, irritant, ukupholisa futhi kuqabule ekwelapheni imishanguzo yokushisa (I no-II degree).