Ukuwa kanye ne-gradient yomfula - kuyini? Chaza emithambekeni yemifula: i-Volga, i-Amur, i-Pechory

Umfula ungumsuka wamanzi wemvelaphi yemvelo, ogeleza eduze kwesiteshi, owakhiqiza futhi. Kungenzeka ukuthi ulinganise ubude balo mzila wamanzi, inani lezinhlanzi zalo, indawo yokudoba jikelele, njll. Enye yezinkomba ezinkulu ze-hydrological yi-slope yomfula. Kanjani kahle ukuyibala?

Kuyini ukuwa komfula?

Noma iyiphi imithombo yemvelo eplanethi yethu igeleza kusukela phezulu phezulu. Isizathu salokhu yi-Universal Gravity Law, esaziwa sonke, esitholwe ngu-Isaac Newton phakathi nekhulu le-17. Yonke imifula, njengombuso, iqala emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba noma ukugeleza kusuka emachibi amakhulu. Bese baphatha amanzi abo phansi (ngokushelela noma ngokushesha) ukuya olwandle nasolwandle.

Ukuwa komfula kusitshengisa ukuthi umsele noma umunye wamanzi ulahlekelwa kanjani phakathi "nohambo" emhlabathini. Ngamanye amazwi, lo umehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwephuzu lomthombo nephuzu lomlomo womfula. Ukuwa kungagcwalisa noma kuyingxenye (uma udinga ukubala le nkhomba ukuze ubude obuthile besiteshi).

Bala ukuwa komfula kuyisisekelo. Ngalokhu udinga ukwazi ukuphakama komthombo wayo nomlomo. Isibonelo, sinikezwa umfula A onobude obuphelele buka-2000 km, oqala uhambo lwawo ngo-250 m, futhi ugijimela echibini ngamamitha angama-50. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zimpawu ezimbili kuzoba ngamamitha ayi-200. Lokhu kuyoba ukuwa komfula A.

Ukwazi ukuwa, ungakwazi ukubala umthamo womfula. Indlela yokwenza kahle - funda esigabeni esilandelayo.

Indlela yokubala i-gradient ye-watercourse?

Umthamo womfula yi-isilinganiso sokubaluleka kokuwa komfula kwamanzi. Le nkhomba ingaboniswa ngamaphesenti, i-ppm (ngokuvamile kaningi), ama-degree noma ku-m / km.

Imithambeka yamathafa nemifula yezintaba ihlukahluka kakhulu. Esikhathini sokuqala, lesi sibonakaliso sivame ukudlula u-0.1 m / km. Izindebe zemifula yezintaba zingaba amashumi noma ngisho nezikhulu izikhathi ezinkulu.

Bala lesi sibalo futhi kulula. Ake sibuyele emfuleni wethu A, ukuwa kwawo okungamamitha ayi-200. Ukubala umthamo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa leli xabiso ngenani lobude bomfula: 200 m / 2000 km = 0.1 m / km. Ukuqhubekela phambili kulokhu, singasho ukuthi umfula wethu u-Flat ugcwele futhi unejubane elingenasikhathi samanje.

Ukuwa nomthambeko womfula kungaboniswa ngokucacile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa okuthiwa amaphrofayili e-longitudinal. I-Axis "x" yalesi shadi izoba ubude bomfula, futhi i-"y" axis - ukuphakama kwezwe. Le phrofayela ibonakala kanje:

Ukuwa ne-gradient ye-Volga

Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinjalo zifundiswa esikoleni, kwizifundo nge geography ebangeni lesishiyagalombili. Thatha isibonelo njengesimanzi esikhulu kunazo zonke eYurophu - i-Volga. Ake sizame ukubala ukuwa nomthamo womfula.

I-Volga igeleza engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, ngaphakathi kwemingcele engu-15 yenkampani. Ngokuphindaphindiwe uyashintsha isiqondiso sakhe. Lona umthamo wamanzi obaluleke kunawo wonke wezwe, umfula omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni kusukela phakathi kwalezi zimfudlana ezingenawo olwandle noma olwandle.

I-Volga ivela e-Valdai Upland, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-228 ngaphezu kolwandle. Esikhathini esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, sifikela eLwandle lwaseCaspian. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umlomo utholakala ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu -28. Ngakho, ukuwa okuphelele kweVolga ngamamitha angu-256. Manje balala umthamo womfula.

I-Volga inebude obuphelele be-3530 km. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqoqa amanzi ayo kusuka endaweni enkulu yezigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-1.36. I-Km. Lokhu izikhathi ezine ngaphezu kweJalimane! Ukubala umthamo we-Volga, isenzo esilandelayo sembalo kufanele senziwe: 256 amamitha / 3530 km = 0.07 m / km.

Ukuwa nomthambeko woMfula i-Amur

Omunye wemifula emikhulu yaseMpumalanga Ekude, egeleza phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili (eRussia naseChina) yi-Amur. Umthombo wayo ubhekwa njengesayithi lokuhlanganisa uShilka no-Argun. Ukuphakama kwaleli phuzu ngenhla kwezinga elwandle kungamamitha angama-304. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Amur igeleza ngokuyinhloko empumalanga futhi igeleza kuLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Ukuphakama komlomo walo kungamamitha ayi-0. Ngakho, ukuwa jikelele kwe-Cupid kungamamitha angama-304. Bala umthamo womfula.

I-Cupid inesilinganiso sobude obungama-2824 km. Indawo yomfula i-1.85 million square meters. I-Km. Ukubala umthamo we-Amur, kufanele wenze isenzo esilula sembalo: ama-304 amamitha / 2824 km = 0.11 m / km.

Lo mbonakaliso usitshela ukuthi uMfula i-Amur "ulahlekelwa" ngamasentimitha angu-11 ukuphakama kwesigaba somfula okungamakhilomitha owodwa ubude. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlaziya okujwayelekile komunye umgwaqo wamanzi akuyona imininingwane enhle kakhulu. Phela, izimo ze-geomorphological (izimo zokuphumula) lapho umbhede womfula zikhona zingashintsha kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukubala le nkomba yezingxenye ezifushane zombhede womfula.

Ukuwa kanye nemithambeka yoMfula iPechora

I-Pechora ngumfula omkhulu waseRussia ogeleza ngaphakathi kwe-Komi Republic kanye nesifunda se-Nenets Autonomous. Ivela ezintabeni ze-Urals Northern, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-630 ngaphezu kolwandle. I-Pechora igeleza egameni elifanayo lomlomo weLwandle lwaseBarents, okwenza i-delta enkulu. Ukuphakama komlomo kungamamitha ayi-0. Bala ukuwa nomthambeko womfula.

I-Pechora inebude obuphelele be-1809 km. Ukuwa komfula kungamamitha angu-630. Indawo yomfula wasePechora uma kuqhathaniswa neVolga ne-Amur ayiyona enkulu - kuphela ngamamitha ayizigidli eziyizi-330 eziyinkulungwane. I-Km. Ukubala umthamo woMfula iPechora, isenzo esilandelayo sembalo kufanele senziwe: 630 amamitha / 1809 km = 0.35 m / km.

Njengoba sibona, phakathi kwemifula emithathu okukhulunywe ngayo kule ngqungquthela, ukuphambuka okukhulu kunazo zonke kuPechora. Ngokuvamile, incazelo yalesi sibonakaliso isiza ama-hydrologists ekutadisheni isigodi somfula othile, umbuso wamanzi kanye nezinqubo zesiteshi.