I-Neptune yiplanethi engu-8 ebalwe kusukela e-Sun. Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

I-Neptune iyiplanethi, eyesishiyagalombili ukusuka elangeni. Kwezinye izindawo, i-orbit yayo ihamba nge-orbit ka-Pluto. Yimuphi iplanethi i-Neptune? Ihlukaniswa njengama-giants. Uphawu lwezinkanyezi nguJ.

Izinketho

Iplanethi enkulu eNeptune ikhiqiza inhlangano ezungeze ilanga nge-orbit elliptical esiseduze nesiyingi. Ubude bendawo buyiamakhilomitha angu-24,750. Lesi sibalo siphezulu izikhathi ezine kunaleyo yomhlaba. Isivinini somjikelezo we-planethi siyashesha kangangokuba isikhathi sosuku lapha ngamahora angu-17.8.

I-Planet Neptune kusukela e-Sun isuswe ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-4 500 wezigidi, ngakho-ke, ukukhanya kufinyelela into ekhonjiwe ngamahora angaphezu kwamahora amane.

Nakuba ukulinganisa okuvamile kwe-Neptune kufinyelela kathathu kunomhlaba (kungu-1.67 g / cm³), ubukhulu bayo buyi-17.2 izikhathi eziphakeme. Lokhu kungenxa yobukhulu obukhulu beplanethi.

Izici zokwakhiwa, izimo zomzimba nesakhiwo

I-Neptune ne-Uranus yiziplanethi ezisekelwe kumagesi aqinile nge-15% kokuqukethwe kwe-hydrogen kanye nenani elincane le-helium. Njengoba ososayensi bakhombisa, i-giant eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayinaso isakhiwo sangaphakathi esicacile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngaphakathi eNeptune kune-nucleus enesisindo sobukhulu obuncane.

Umkhathi weplanethi yenziwe nge-helium ne-hydrogen enezingcola ezincane zamethane. E-Neptune, kunezivunguvungu ezivame kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala nge-vortices nemimoya eqinile. Lezi zinsuku zishaya ngasentshonalanga, isivinini saso singafinyelela ku-2200 km / h.

Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwemifudlana nemifudlana yamaplanethi amakhulu kunyuke ngebanga ukusuka eSangeni. Izincazelo zaleli phethini azitholakali. Ngenxa yezithombe ezithathwe imishini ekhethekile emkhathini waseNeptune, kwaba khona ukuhlola amafu ngokuningiliziwe. NjengoSaturn noma i-Jupiter, le planethi inomthombo wokushisa wangaphakathi. Ingakwazi ukuphuma amandla angaphezu kwamatshumi amathathu kunokuba ithola i-Sun.

Isinyathelo esibucayi phambili

Ngokusho kwemiqulu yomlando, uGalileo wabona iNeptune ngoDisemba 28, 1612. Okwesibili wakwazi ukugcina umzimba ongaziwa ngoJanuwari 29, 1613. Kuzo zombili izimo, usosayensi wamukela umhlaba njengenkanyezi ehleliwe, ehambisana noJupiter. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukutholakala kukaNeptune akusho ukuthi kuGalileo.

Kuthiwa ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi sokubuka umhlaba ka-1612 iplanethi yayiyombono, futhi ngosuku nje lapho uGalileo ambona khona kuqala, waqala ukunyakaza emuva. Le nqubo igcinwa esimweni lapho uMhlaba ehamba khona uthola iplanethi yangaphandle. Njengoba iNeptune yayingeyona indawo yokuma, ukunyakaza kwakhe kwakungenamandla okungaqaphelwa yi-telescope kaGalileo engenamandla.

Ngo-1781, uHerschel waphumelela ekutholeni u-Uranus. Khona-ke usosayensi wabala imingcele ye-orbit yakhe. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha etholakalayo, uHerschel waphetha ngokuthi kunezinkinga ezingavamile lapho kuqhutshwa khona le nto yesikhala: bekusekuqaleni kokubalwa, ngakho-ke kwalahlwe ngemuva kwayo. Leli qiniso lavumela ukucabanga ukuthi ngaphesheya kwe-Uranus kungenye iplanethi, ukukhanga okuvusa amadlingozi okuphazamisa ukuhamba kwayo.

Ngo-1843, i-Adams yakwazi ukubala i-orbit yendiza eyimfihlakalo engavamile ukuze ichaze izinguquko ku-orbit ka-Uranus. Usosayensi wathumela ulwazi ngomsebenzi wakhe ku-astronomer of King - J. Eyri. Ngokushesha wathola incwadi yokuphendula ecela ukucaciswa kwezinye izinkinga. I-Adams yaqala ukwenza imidwebo edingekayo, kodwa ngesizathu esithile ayizange ithumele umlayezo futhi kamuva ayizange iqale umsebenzi onzima kule ndaba.

Ukutholakala okusheshayo kweplanethi yeNeptune kwakungenxa yemizamo kaLeverrier, Halle no-Aire. NgoSeptemba 23, 1846, benolwazi ohlelweni lwezinto ezihamba phambili zezinto ezifunwa, baqala ukusebenza ekunqumeni indawo eqondile yezinto eziyimfihlakalo. Ngobusuku bokuqala imizamo yabo yenziwe yimpumelelo. Ukutholakala kweplanethi uNeptune ngaleso sikhathi kwabizwa ngokuthi ukunqoba kwezingcweti zasezulwini.

Khetha igama

Emva kokutholakala kwe-giant, baqala ukucabanga ukuthi yiliphi igama elingamnika lona. Le nguqulo yokuqala yahlongozwa nguJohn Halle. Wayefuna ukubhapathiza into eyingqayizivele kaJanus ngokuhlonipha unkulunkulu, okufanekisela ukuqala nokuphela kwezinkolelo zamaRoma, kodwa leli gama alingekho ekuthandweni kwabaningi. Isiphakamiso esikhulu sokufudumala samukelwa eStruve, umqondisi wePulkovo Observatory. Inguqulo yakhe - iNeptune - futhi yaba ngowokugcina. Ukunikezwa kwegama elisemthethweni eplanethi enkulu kunqanda izingxabano eziningi nokungavumelani.

Umqondo weNeptune wawushintsha kanjani?

Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha eyedlule, ulwazi mayelana ne-giant blue luhlukile kusukela namhlanje. Nakuba kwaziwa ngokunembile mayelana nezinkathi zokujikeleza ezingezansi ne-synodic ezungeze i-Sun, mayelana nokuthambekela kwe-equator endizeni ye-orbit, kwakukhona idatha ehlelwe ngokunembile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, inani lalinganiselwa ku-17.26 emhlabeni kunendawo yangempela ye-17.15, kanye ne-equatorial radius - ngo-3.89, hhayi 3.88 kusuka emhlabeni wethu. Ngokuqondene nesikhathi se-stellar revolution ezungeze i-axis, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuyihora eli-15 imizuzu engu-8, okuyinto engaphansi kwemizuzu engu-50 engaphansi kweyodwa.

Kweminye imingcele, futhi, kwakukhona ukungalungi. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuba i-Voyager 2 isondele eNeptune, ngangokunokwenzeka, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi insimu yamagnesi yeplanethi ifana nokuhlelwa kwayo komhlaba. Eqinisweni, kubonakala sengathi i-rotator ene-incline.

Okuncane mayelana nama-resonances omzimba

I-Neptune iyakwazi ukubhekana nebhande laseKuiper elikude kakhulu kulo. Lezi zamuva zimelelwa ngamaplanethi amaqhwa amancane, afana nesibhande se-asteroid phakathi kweJupiter ne-Mars, kodwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu. I-Kuiper Belt ingaphansi kwethonya elibalulekile lamandla okuvuthisa okwenziwe yiNeptune, ngenxa yalokho okwakhiwa ngisho nezikhala ezakhiweni zayo.

Izinkomba zalezo zinto ezigcinwe ebhanini elikhonjisiwe isikhathi eside zisungulwa yizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkolo zomhlaba neNeptune. Ezimweni ezithile lesi sikhathi sifana nesikhathi sokukhona kwesimiso sobusuku.

Izindawo ze-Neptune zokuzinza okunamandla zibizwa ngamaphuzu aseLagrange. Kuzo, iplanethi igcina inani elikhulu le-asteroids-i-Trojans, njengokungathi ihudula kuyo yonke i-orbit.

Izici zesakhiwo sangaphakathi

Kulokhu, uNeptune ufana no-Uranus. Isimo sithatha cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amabili ebuningi bomhlaba wonke obhekene nawo. Ngokusondela komgogodla, ukuphakama kwengcindezi. Isibalo esiphezulu sinama-GPa ayi-10. Ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zomkhathi, kunezingxenyana zamanzi, i-ammonia ne-methane.

Izakhi zesakhiwo sangaphakathi seNeptune:

• Amafu aphezulu kanye nomkhathi.
• Umkhathi owakhiwa i-hydrogen, i-helium ne-methan.
• I-mantle (i-methane ice, i-ammonia, amanzi).
• Ingqikithi yamatshe.

Isimo sezulu

Omunye umehluko phakathi kweNeptune no-Uranus yizinga lokusebenza kwemeteorological. Ngokusho kwedatha etholakala ku-Voyager 2, isimo sezulu ku-giant blue sishintsha kaningi futhi ngokuphawulekayo.

Kwakungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale uhlelo oluguquguqukayo kakhulu lweziphepho ngemimoya efinyelela ngesivinini se-600 m / s - cishe i-supersonic (iningi lazo liqhuma ngokubhekiselele ekujikelezeni kweNeptune eduze kwe-axis yayo).

Ngo-2007, kwavezwa ukuthi i-troposphere engenhla ye-polle eningizimu yeplanethi yizicingo eziyishumi ezifudumele kunezinye izingxenye lapho izinga lokushisa liba khona -200 ° C. Umehluko onjalo uwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-methane evela kwezinye izindawo ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kwesikhala isondela endaweni lapho esifundeni saseNingizimu. I-"hot spot" ephumela ngenxa yalokho kukhishwa kwe-axial ye-giant blue, ogama layo elisezantsi liphendukele eSun iminyaka engamashumi amane manje. Njengoba i-Neptune ihamba kancane kancane emjikelezweni ojikelezayo ohlangothini oluphambene nalo mzimba wasezulwini wasezulwini, ipulazi eliseningizimu liyanyamalala kancane kancane emthunzini. Ngakho-ke, iNeptune izoveza iS Sun enyakatho yayo. Ngenxa yalokho, indawo ye-methane ukukhululwa emkhathini iyohamba kule ngxenye yeplanethi.

"Ukuhambisana" le giant

I-Neptune - iplanethi eye, ngokusho kwedatha yanamuhla, ama-satellite satellites ayisishiyagalombili. Phakathi kwazo kukhona eyodwa enkulu, emithathu ephakathi neyine encane. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ngalezi ezintathu ezinkulu.

I-Triton

Kuyinto satellite enkulu kunazo zonke planet giant Neptune. Itholwe nguW. Lassell ngo-1846. I-Triton ingamakhilomitha angama-394,700 ukusuka eNeptune, indawo engama-1600 km. Njengoba kulindeleke, unesimo. Ngosayizi, into iseduze nenyanga. Ngokusho kososayensi, ngaphambi kokuthunjwa kweNeptune Triton kwakuyisiplanethi esizimele.

Nereid

Leli yi-satellite yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngokwesilinganiso, wasuswa eNeptune ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-6.2. Ingqikithi yeNereid ingamakhilomitha ayikhulu, kanti ububanzi buphindwe kabili. Ukuze wenze ushintsho olulodwa oluzungeze iNeptune, le satellite idinga izinsuku ezingu-360, okungukuthi, cishe wonke unyaka wasemhlabeni. Ukutholakala kweNereid kwenzeka ngo-1949.

I-Proteus

Le phlanethi ithatha indawo yesithathu hhayi ngobukhulu kuphela, kepha futhi ekude kude naseNeptune. Ngeke kuthiwe ukuthi i-Proteus inezici ezithile ezikhethekile, kodwa kwakungososayensi bakhe abakhethile ukudala imodeli yokusebenzisana emithathu-ntathu, ngokusekelwe kwezithombe ze-Voyager-2.

Ama satellite asele amaplanethi amancane, okukhona amaningi kakhulu ohlelweni lwelanga.

Izici zesifundo

I-Neptune - iplanethi ebala kusukela elangeni? Okwesishiyagalombili. Uma wazi kahle ukuthi yikuphi leli giant, ungayibona ngisho nasezinkimbini ezinamandla. I-Neptune inzima kakhulu ukutadisha umzimba we-cosmic. Lokhu kuyingxenye ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya kwayo kuphakeme kakhulu kunenani eliyisishiyagalolunye lemali. Isibonelo, enye yama-satellite okukhulunywe ngenhla - i-Triton - inebuhlakani obulingana nobukhulu obuyishumi nane. Ukuze uthole i-disk ye-Neptune, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ukuphakama okukhulu.

I-spacecraft ye-Voyager 2 iphethwe ukufinyelela kufana ne-Neptune. Iplanethi (bona isithombe esithombeni) sithole isivakashi sisemhlabeni ngo-Agasti 1989. Ngenxa yedatha eqoqwe yile mkhumbi, ososayensi banolwazi oluthile ngalokhu okungaqondakali.

Idatha evela ku-Voyager

I-Neptune iyi-planethi eyayine-Great Dark Spot eningizimu yezwe. Lena imininingwane evelele kakhulu ngaleyo nto, etholakala ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-spacecraft. Ngokwesisindo, le Spot yayilingana noMhlaba. Imimoya yaseNeptune yayithwala ngesivinini esikhulu sama 300 m / s entshonalanga.

Ngokusho kweHST (Hubble Space Telescope) ka-1994, i-Great Dark Spot yanyamalala. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ihlakazeke, noma ivalwe ezinye izingxenye zomkhathi. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngenxa ye-telescope yaseHubble, kwakungenzeka ukuthola indawo entsha, esevele isenyakatho yezwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungaphetha ngokuthi i-Neptune iyiplanethi elinesimo sayo esishintsha ngokushesha - mhlawumbe ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kancane emazingeni okushisa amafu angaphansi nangaphezulu.

Ngenxa ye-Voyager 2, kusungulwa ukuthi into echazwe inezindandatho. Ukuba khona kwabo kwavezwa ngo-1981, lapho enye yezinkanyezi iphela eNeptune. Ukubheka okuvela eMhlabeni akuzange kube nomphumela okhethekile: esikhundleni sezindandatho ezigcwele, kuphela ama-arcs abuthakathaka abonakalayo. U-Voyager 2 weza futhi futhi. Ngo-1989, i-apparatus yenza izithombe ezinemininingwane yamasongo. Omunye wabo unesakhiwo esibucayi esithakazelisayo.

Yini eyaziwa nge-magnetosphere

I-Neptune iyi-planethi ene-magnetic field yayo engavamile. Ama-magnetic axis ama-degree angu-47 athambekele ekugxilweni kokujikeleza. Emhlabeni lokhu kuzobonakala ekuziphatheni okungavamile kwesazi lekhampasi. Ngakho, iNorth Pole yayizohlala eningizimu yeMoscow. Enye into engavamile ukuthi eNeptune i-axis of symmetry yensimu yamagnetic ayidluli phakathi nendawo yayo.

Imibuzo Engaphenduliwe

- Kungani kunemimoya enamandla eNeptune, kuyilapho ide kakhulu neLanga? Ukuze kusetshenziswe izinqubo ezinjalo, umthombo wangaphakathi wokushisa ojulile kule planethi awunamandla ngokwanele.

- Kungani into engenakho i-hydrogen ne-helium?

- Indlela yokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi engabizi kakhulu ukuhlola ngokugcwele u-Uranus neNeptune usebenzisa isikhwama sezindiza?

- Kungenxa yiphi izinqubo ezakha insimu engavamile yomhlaba?

Ucwaningo lwanamuhla

Ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli anembile eNeptune no-Uranus ukuze kuchaze ngokucacile ukwakhiwa kwamaqhwaqhaqha kubonakala kuwumsebenzi onzima. Ukuchaza ukuguquka kwala maplanethi amabili uye wafaka inombolo enkulu yezizathu zokucabanga. Ngokomunye wabo, kokubili ama-giants avela ngenxa yokungazinzile ngaphakathi kwe-disk protoplanetary disk, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ama-atmospheres abo aphethwe yi-ray eningi ye-B noma ye-O.

Ngokomunye umqondo, iNeptune ne-Uranus zakhiwa eduze eduze kweSanga, lapho ubukhulu bezindaba buphakeme khona, bese bethintekela emithamweni yamanje. Le ngqondo isuke ivame kakhulu, ngoba ingachaza ama-resonances asekhona ku-belt Kuiper.

Ukubheka

I-Neptune - yiyiphi iplanethi kusukela elangeni? Okwesishiyagalombili. Futhi akunakwenzeka ukukubona ngeso elimele. Inkomba ye-stellar ubukhulu be-giant iphakathi kuka -7.7 no-+8.0. Ngakho-ke, kunzima kakhulu kunezinto eziningi zasezulwini, kuhlanganise ne-Planet yaseCeres, ezinyangeni zeJupiter nezinye ze-asteroids. Ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zeplanethi, i-telescope enezingqinamba ezingamakhulu amabili ukuphakama kanye nobubanzi bama-millimitha angu-200-250 kuyadingeka. Ngama-binoculars angu-7x50, i-giant blue iyabonakala njengenkanyezi ebuthakathaka.

Izinguquko ebangeni lobubanzi bezinto ezibucayi ezibuzwayo zingaphansi kwemizuzwana engu-2.2-2.4. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ibanga elikhulu kakhulu eMhlabeni yiPlanetune. Amaqiniso mayelana nesimo sombuso we-giant blue sasinzima kakhulu ukukhipha. Okuningi kushintshiwe ngokufika kwe-Hubble Space Telescope kanye nezinsimbi ezinamandla kakhulu ezisemhlabathini ezisetshenziswe ngama-optics ajabulisayo.

Ukubheka komhlaba ku-band-wave band kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuthi uNeptune ungumthombo wokuqhuma okungavamile kanye nemisebe eqhubekayo. Zombili lezi zenzakalo zichazwa yinkundla ejikelezayo yamagnetic ye-giant blue. Esimweni esinamandla kunazo zonke endaweni ye-infrared ye-spectrum, ukuphazanyiswa okujulile emkhathini weplanethi kubonakala ngokucacile - iziphepho ezithiwa. Zakhiwa ukushisa okuvela emgodini owehlayo. Ngenxa yokubheka, ungakwazi ukunquma usayizi wabo nokuma kwawo ngokunemba ngangokunokwenzeka, bese ulandelela ukunyakaza.

Iplanethi engaqondakali Neptune. Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

- Kwaphela cishe ikhulu leminyaka, leli giant blue libhekwa njengelona elikude kulo lonke uhlelo lwelanga. Futhi ngisho nokutholakala kukaPluto akuzange kushintshe le nkolelo. I-Neptune - yiliphi iplanethi? Owesishiyagalombili, hhayi wokugcina, wesishiyagalolunye. Noma kunjalo, ngezinye izikhathi uphendukela ekude kakhulu nokukhanya kwethu. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-Pluto ine-orbit elongé, ngezinye izikhathi esiseduze neLanga kune-orbit ye-Neptune. I-giant blue yenza uphinde uthole isimo seplanethi ede kakhulu. Futhi konke ngenxa yokuthi uPluto wadluliselwa esigabeni sezinto ezincane.

- Neptune has usayizi kulencane phakathi igesi imidondoshiya amane ayaziwa. engaba layo enkabazwe lincane Uranus, Saturn kanye Jupiter.

- Njengazo zonke amaplanethi igesi, Neptune asikho eqinile. Ngisho noma mkhathi wakwazi ukuthola kuye, wayengeke akwazi umhlaba. Kunalokho, bekungeke kube ekushoniseni ekujuleni iplanethi.

- amandla adonsela phansi Neptune sika nomhlaba elengeziwe (17%). Ngakho, amandla Luhambo enza kokubili amaplanethi kuyinto cishe okufanayo.

- Ukuze niguquke ilanga, Neptune kudinga 165 Earth iminyaka.

- blue ayegcwele umbala iplanethi alichaza emigqeni esinamandla kunazo gas ezifana methane owandile ukukhanya kubonakala yiRefa.

isiphetho

Ngokuhamba ukuhlola umkhathi odlale elikhulu iqhaza ukutholakala kwamaplanethi. Neptune futhi Pluto, kanye nezinye izinto Kwatholakala ngenxa umsebenzi onzima zezinkanyezi eziningi. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu manje seyaziwa esintwini wendawo yonke - kuphela ingxenye encane isithombe sangempela. Space - ke mfihlakalo inkulu, futhi ngeke kube ukuxazulula ekhulwini ezingaphezu kweyodwa.