Kuyini ukufundisa? Izimfundiso zefilosofi nezombusazwe

Izimfundiso zefilosofi, ezombusazwe, ezokufundisa - leli gama lingatholakala ezimweni eziningi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isiphakamiso esizobe sibheke eceleni, umbuzo oyinhloko uhlukile: "Kuyini ukufundisa?" Kwakuyimpendulo kulokhu okwaba yisihloko salesi sihloko.

I-terminology

Umqondo wokuthi "ukufundisa" unezincazelo eziningana. Uma sicabanga ukuthi leli gama aliyona inqubo yokuthola ulwazi kunoma iyiphi indawo ethile (futhi incazelo enjalo iyatholakala, kodwa kulokhu akufanelekile), izincazelo ezilandelayo zihlala kulokho imfundiso.

• Ukufundisa njengeqoqo lombono endaweni eyodwa yolwazi.
• Ukufundisa njengombono wemibono yomuntu oyedwa nomcabango ofanayo ensimini yakhe ekhethiwe yesayensi.
• Ukufundisa njengenkimbinkimbi yemfundiso yenkolo ethile (inkolo).

Okuthakazelisayo ikakhulu yilokuqala kokubili. Ngabo, izimfundiso zefilosofi nezombusazwe zivame ukuhlanganiswa. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe

Kufilosofi

Izimfundiso zefilosofi zitholakala emsuka walokho ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi ehambisanayo - eGrisi naseRoma lasendulo. Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Kufakiwe Okuningi okuvela kumbhali I-albhamu kuphela Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Kufakiwe Okuningi okuvela kumbhali I-albhamu kuphela Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Ngakho-ke, izimfundiso zalezi zingqondo ezinkulu zaqalwa.

Izibonelo zezimfundiso zefilosofi

Esikhathini sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwefilosofi nokufuna impendulo yombuzo wayo oyinhloko (yikuphi okuyinhloko: umoya noma umqondo?), Izimfundiso eziyisisekelo zefilosofi zenziwa, ezingafaki nje kuphela imibono yomlobi oyedwa, kodwa iziphetho ezifinyelelwe izizukulwane zabacwaningi. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemicabango, njengemibono emibili yempendulo yombuzo oyinhloko, i-monism, i-agnosticism, i-solipsism ne- cosmism engavamile yaseRashiya - ngayinye yazo ibonakala ngezici zayo futhi ixhunywe naso lonke uhlu lwabafilosofi.

Kodwa izimfundiso zasendulo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zinezimiso eziqondile zomqondo (isibonelo, izilimi), kodwa zivela emabhalweni abalobi - uSocrates, uHeraclitus nabanye. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka kakade eNkathini Ephakathi, futhi esikhathini esizayo somqondo wefilosofi waseJalimane . Izimfundiso zakudala zeLocke noHobbes, i-Nietzscheanism, egama likaFriedrich Nietzsche omkhulu. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ukuzivocavoca okunjalo kugxilile kakhulu, nakuba ezinye zazo zathuthuka ngemuva komsunguli wabo (isibonelo, i-Neoplatonism).

Ezombusazwe: zakudala

Ifilosofi kanye nezombusazwe esikhathini sokudala kwakuhlobene kakhulu. Abaningi bamafilosofi baleso sikhathi bahlakulela isimo sabo esihle sombuso. Umlando wezimfundiso ukhumbula inkhulumomphendvulwano kaPlato ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo ("State"), lapho ahlukanisa khona amafomu akhe angaphelele, enikeza amagama akhe. Akuyazi ukuthi imibono "yentando yeningi," "inqubo yeningi," nezinye "imibhalo" ivela ngokuqondile eGrisi lasendulo. Ngokungafani nendlela efihlekile yefilosofi yasePythagoras noHeraclitus, uPlato wayeqinile futhi eqondile. U-Aristotle wayengu-bead, ehlukanisa izinhlobo zikahulumeni kulokho ayekubheka "okulungile" futhi "okungalungile." Kodwa-ke, kule ndlela yokucabanga kwakukhona ukulinganiselwa okuningi.

Ezombusazwe: ama-Middle and Renaissance

Izinkathi Ephakathi zaphawulwa ngendlela engokwasezulwini, kuhlanganise nezombusazwe, kanye nemibono yokudala isimo sendawo. Umcabango onjalo wawugcwele yonke imfundiso yezombusazwe yaleso sikhathi. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukufundisa kukaTomas Aquinas, okwakuboleka imibono evela ku-Aristotle, bazama ukuguqula ngendlela yobuKristu futhi bakhulelwe lokhu ukuthandwa okukhulu.

Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kabusha kufanele kuhlonishwe uNiccolo Machiavelli kanye nesicelo sakhe ngokubhalela umbusi wase-Florence ngaleso sikhathi (noma yi-unofficial), uLorzozo Omkhulu. Isiqu sakhe esithi "uMbusi" sinezicabango ezingenangqondo mayelana namandla ezombangazwe. Imfundiso kaMacavavelli ibeka ezombusazwe ngenhla kokuziphatha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi "uMbusi" usindile ezikhathini zanamuhla futhi udluliselwe ku-version ye-elekthronikhi, okusho ukuthi noma ngubani ofuna ukufunda ukuthi imfundiso kaMacavavel angafunda angayifunda.

Ekuphethweni

Ngokusobala, izincazelo zemfundiso njengenhlanganisela yemibono yomlobi oyedwa noma insimu eyodwa yolwazi ivumelana, isondelene kakhulu futhi ngakho-ke ihambisana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yalokhu, akulula ukuthola ukuthi imfundiso iyini.

Ifilosofi nezombangazwe, nakuba manje zisakazeke ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene, zisekhona emthonjeni owodwa, ngoba izimfundiso zezombangazwe zazivame ukuvela kulabo bacabanga abaveza imibono yabo hhayi kulolu hlelo lwolwazi kuphela.