Makiavelli Nikkolo: nefilosofi, ezombusazwe, imibono, imibono

umbhali Italian sefilosofi Makiavelli Nikkolo khona sikahulumeni esibalulekile e Florence, bangazihluphi okuthunyelwe ka uNobhala, unesibopho nokugcina inqubomgomo angaphandle. Kodwa okuningi eyaziwa izincwadi zakhe wayebhale ukuthi, phakathi lapho ivelele indatshana zezombusazwe "UMbusi."

Biography omlobi

Umlobi esizayo futhi sazi Makiavelli Nikkolo wazalwa emadolobheni asemaphethelweni Florence 1469. Uyise wayengumGreki ummeli. Wenza konke ukuthi indodana yakhe wathola imfundo engcono ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yale njongo, yayingekho indawo engcono kune-Italy. Fount oyinhloko ulwazi ngoba Machiavelli sasiwulimi Latin lapho ifunda i-omningi izincwadi. Emabhuku abe yiyo imisebenzi abalobi basendulo: Iosifa Flaviya, Macrobius, Cicero futhi Livy. Umfana asithandayo umlando. Kamuva, lezi okuthandwa ziyabonakala emsebenzini wakhe. Ukhiye ngoba umlobi kwakungomunye umsebenzi yasendulo yesiGreki UPlutarch, Polybius futhi kaThucydides.

Makiavelli Nikkolo waqala inkonzo yakhe yasobala ngesikhathi lapho Italy wayehlushwa izimpi eziphakathi emadolobheni amaningi, imibuso republic. Indawo ekhethekile kwakuhlezi uPapa, ngubani ekuqa- le xv futhi XVI eminyaka. Kwakungekhona nje Upapa yenkolo, kodwa futhi figure zezombusazwe abalulekile. I nokwehlukaniswa Italy kanye nokuntuleka elinobunye sezwe benza imizi ocebile , inhlonhlo ye- okuphiqikayo yezinye imibuso emikhulu - France, njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma nokuthola amandla Spain wamakoloni. A tangle izintshisekelo kwakunzima kakhulu, okwaholela ukuvela ekunqanyulweni kwe zezombangazwe. izenzakalo ezinkulu kanye abalulekile okufakazelwa ngumlayo Makiavelli Nikkolo, kakhulu ukuthonywa bomsebenzi wakhe hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi phezu kwezimiso nesimo sengqondo.

imibono yefilosofi

Imibono okwethulwa izincwadi zakhe Machiavelli, nomthelela obalulekile bezibona emphakathini inqubomgomo. Umbhali waba ngowokuqala cabanga ngemininingwane futhi kuchazwe zonke ukuziphatha kubabusi. Encwadini "The Emperor," esho ngqo ukuthi izithakazelo nezombusazwe esimweni kufanele zize kuqala kwaba neminye imihlangano futhi izivumelwano. Ngenxa yalokhu ngombono, sazi kubhekwe esizulazulayo okuyisibonelo ngubani uzoyeka esikhululekile bengenzi lutho ngaphandle ukufinyelela umgomo wawo. State wenkohlakalo Wachaza inkonzo enhle ephakeme.

Niccolò Machiavelli, ogama nefilosofi wazalwa ngenxa yokuzizwela mathupha ku isimo umphakathi Italian ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI, hhayi kuphela wakhuluma ngezinzuzo isu elithile. Emakhasini yezincwadi zakhe wachaza ngokuningiliziwe isakhiwo isimo, ukuthi isebenza kanjani kanye ubudlelwano phakathi kwalo. Umcabangi ukusikisela umqondo ukuthi ezombusazwe kuyinto isayensi, okuyinto has imithetho yayo siqu kanye nemithetho. Niccolò Machiavelli ukuthi umuntu, yingcweti kahle isihloko, ongabikezela ikusasa noma ukunquma umphumela inqubo (impi, kabusha, nokunye. D.).

Ukubaluleka imibono Machiavelli sika

umbhali Florentine Yenguquko kwethulwa izihloko eziningi ezintsha ngoba inkulumo kule humanities. mpikiswano lakhe ekutheni nangaphansi zokuziphatha ezibekwe umbuzo ebukhali ukuthi namanje phikisana izikole eziningi zefilosofi nezimfundiso ezihlukahlukene.

Ingxoxo ngendima umuntu umbusi emlandweni okokuqala zaqhamuka ziphuma kule ngothi Niccolò Machiavelli. sazi imibono amyisa esiphethweni sokuthi kwehlukana izinduna (lapho, isibonelo, wahlala Italy) ubunjalo esikhundleni eNgophezukonke zonke izikhungo kwamandla okulimazayo izakhamuzi ezweni lakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, usesimweni wahlukana ka uhlanyiswa noma ubuthakathaka umbusi kuholela nemiphumela ngokuphindwe kayishumi sibi kakhulu. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, Machiavelli ayebone izibonelo okwanele imidwebo anjalo ngu principalities Italian futhi republic, lapho amandla wazamazama ngapha nangapha like a pendulum. Ngokuvamile ngalinye lala masonto iyehla iyenyuka kwaholela izimpi nezinye nezinhlekelele sekukaningi hit by labantu abavamile.

Ngakho-ke, lapho ekhuluma umfundi wakhe le umlobi wakhala yokuthi isimo akukwazi ngempumelelo ngaphandle uhulumeni ngendlela elukhuni emaphakathi. Kulokhu uhlelo uqobo ivala nemibi umbusi ababuthakathaka noma engakwazi.

Umlando "Nkosi EnguMbusi"

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi indatshana "iNkosana" kwalotshwa njengesiqondiso zakudala ukuba ukusetshenziswa senzelwe osopolitiki Italy. isitayela okunjalo yokubhala ezenziwe incwadi ehlukile ngesikhathi sako. Kwaba umsebenzi kahle ehlelekile lapho bonke imibono banikezwe ifomu iziphakamiso, kusekelwa izibonelo wangempela yokucabanga enengqondo. "The Emperor," esanyatheliswa 1532, eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kokufa Niccolò Machiavelli. Imibono ezwe elaliyi-Florentine esemthethweni ngokushesha eyathinta umphakathi wonkana.

Incwadi isibe inkomba osopolitiki eziningi ababusi ka wonke amakhulu eminyaka alandela. Ngentshiseko selikhishiwe kuze kube manje futhi ungomunye izinsika humanities, anikezelwe umphakathi futhi uhulumeni izikhungo. Indaba esemqoka zokubhala incwadi okwenzeka kokuwa Florentine Republic, lapho esiye sabhekana Niccolò Machiavelli. Izilinganiso kusukela indatshana abangu lithathwa izincwadi ezahlukene, okuyinto ukufundisa bakahulumeni ka principalities ezihlukahlukene Italian.

amandla ufuzo

Umsebenzi wakhe umbhali wehlukaniswe tehluko 26, ngalinye elikwazi sibhekiswe udaba lezombusazwe. Usazi kahle umlando Niccolò Machiavelli (izingcaphuno of abalobi wasendulo ngokuvamile esitholakala emakhasini) evumelekile ukufakazela kokuqagela yabo ngendaba kwenkathi lasendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, wayehumusha isahluko sonke isiphetho inkosi yasePheresiya uDariyu, athumba Aleksandrom Makedonskim. Ngo umbhali yakhe indzaba wanika ukuhlolwa yini eye yenzeka kuwa umbuso futhi kwaholela agumenti eziningana ukuthi kungani izwe akusho ehlubuka ngemva kokufa umkhuzi abasha.

Umbuzo ngezinhlobo uhulumeni lokuyithola njengefa benesithakazelo Niccolò Machiavelli. Ezombusazwe, ngokombono wakhe, kuyinto encike ngqo kwi ngendlela sobukhosi Idlula eyandulela kuya owalandela. Uma sobukhosi sidlulile nandlela, isimo ngeke ukusongela neziyaluyalu ezihluzekile ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo encwadini izindlela ezimbalwa ukubamba uhulumeni ezingomashiqela, ogama lalibhalwe Niccolò Machiavelli. Kafushane, umbusi kwakungaphumela ukuthuthela endaweni entsha esithwetshuliwe kakhulu ngqo ukuqapha namazwi wendawo. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lelisu kwaba kokuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453, lapho-Turkish sultan abathuthela kulesi dolobha yakhe futhi uqambe kabusha ke Istanbul.

Igcina isimo

Umbhali wazama ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe umfundi indlela kungenzeka ukugcina athumba ezweni langaphandle. wezempi nokuthula - Ngenxa yale njongo, ngokuvumelana mqondo yomlobi, kukhona izindlela ezimbili. Kulokhu, zozimbili izindlela avunyelwe, futhi kumele ngobuciko kuhlanganiswe kanyekanye placate futhi esabisa labantu. Machiavelli kwaba umsekeli ukusungulwa amakoloni ku kwemhlaba (mayelana kwindlela wenziwa amaGreki asendulo noma Italian republic zasolwandle). Esahlukweni esifanayo, umlobi waletha Wegolide: Umbusi kuyadingeka ukuze asekele ababuthakathaka, futhi ufuna ukukwenza buthaka eqinile ukulinganisela kuleli zwe. Ukungabikho eqinile ukunyakaza ukuphikiswa isiza ukugcina amandla ayitholwa udlame kuleli zwe, okuyinto ingenye izici eziyinhloko uhulumeni okunokwethenjelwa futhi uzinzile.

Uchaza izindlela ukuxazulula le nkinga, Niccolò Machiavelli. nefilosofi komlobi umsuka njengoba iqoqo ukuphathwa yakhe nakho siqu e Florence nolwazi zomlando.

Indima ubuntu emlandweni

Njengoba Machiavelli alalelwa omkhulu nempikiswano ukubaluleka ngabanye emlandweni, wayenza indaba emfushane emfushane izimfanelo kufanele eNgophezukonke ngempumelelo. umbhali Italian wagcizelela ukuhaha, ligxeka ababusi ophanayo ukuchitha igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini zabo yize. Ngokuvamile, lezi autocrats kufanele iphendukele ukhulisa izintela uma kwenzeka impi noma ezinye eziphuthumayo yomphakathi, okuyinto abantu ecasulayo kakhulu.

Machiavelli walungisiswa ababusi ukuqina isimo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi inqubomgomo ezinjalo kusiza umphakathi Gwema inhlokomo ezingadingekile nemibhikisho. Uma, ukwenza isibonelo, i-emperor kwesikhathi ukujezisa abantu abanemizimba ukuba bavukele, imbulale abantu abaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa kulondolozwa abanye abantu kusukela wokuchithwa kwegazi okungadingekile. Kulesi mqondo kaningi Ngokwesibonelo wefilosofi kombhali mayelana ukuhlupheka kwabantu ngabanye is akulutho uma kuqhathaniswa izithakazelo lonke lelo zwe.

Isidingo ababusi ukuqina

umbhali Florentine wakuphindaphinda umqondo wokuthi ukwakheka kwabantu kushintsheke, futhi iningi labantu emhlabeni - kungcono kweqembu izidalwa ababuthakathaka nabahahayo. Ngakho-ke, waqhubeka Machiavelli yena, kubalulekile ukujabulisa nokumhlonipha umbusi phakathi izikhonzi zakhe. Lokhu kuyogcina isiyalo kuleli zwe.

Njengoba isibonelo wakhuluma isipiliyoni umlawuli lasendulo edume uHannibal. Usebenzisa nesihluku ukuba zigcine ukuhleleka ebuthweni lakhe multi-yobuhlanga, eminyakeni embalwa ukulwa ekudingisweni wamaRoma. Futhi kwakungeyona ngobushiqela, ngoba ngisho nokubulawa kanye ekujezisweni ngokumelene unecala lokwephula imithetho hlangothi, futhi akekho, kungakhathaliseki isimo sawo ayikwazanga ukuthola amasosha omzimba. Machiavelli babekholelwa ukuthi umbusi unya ulungisiswa kuphela uma akusiyo ukuphanga evulekile sabantu kanye nodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane.

sazi ukufa

Ngemva kokubhalela "uMbusi" sazi abadumile zokuphila kwakhe enikelwe ngaphakathi dalo of "Umlando Florence", okuyinto ibuyele uhlobo esithandayo iminyaka edlule. Washona ngo-1527. Naphezu udumo posthumous nombhali, indawo ethuneni ayikaziwa.