Vitus Behring (Vitus Jonassen Bering). Photo, biography

Ukuzalwa ikusasa itilosi akufanele kumakwe yinoma yimuphi izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Akekho ukholwe ukuthi ingane ngeke nje kube itilosi, nephayona omkhulu, ngisho enkonzweni ngomunye uRhulumende. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi yini izizathu utshelwa umfana ukungenela inkonzo lezindiza ku uMbuso Russian wayengekho angako kwaba namandla ethu ngaleso sikhathi. Mhlawumbe Behring wakwazi ukuba abantu bazibonele ngokwabo ezinye isithembiso. Ukuthi ngokwezinga elithile nomthelela zatholwa kuye, okwakukhona ukubaluleka esisebenzayo, njengomumo womhlaba, futhi zomlando. Behring hhayi kuphela wathola amazwe amasha iziqhingi enyakatho yezwe, kodwa futhi lifika ngasogwini ikhadi, okwakuyinto ebalulekile kakhulu.

Iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila

Vitus Bering wazalelwa Agasti 12, 1681 ku Jutland (Denmark yesimanje) e Horsens. Lutho edolobheni ekhethekile akazange ihluke: amanye amasonto zezindela - yilokho izinto. Waqala ukuthuthukisa kuphela emva 1442, lapho wanikezwa ibhizinisi sisekelo, futhi kancane kancane zaba sezentengiselwano.

Idolobhana wawusegunjini ogwini futhi kwadingeka port. I hero indaba yethu kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila, bencoma amagagasi futhi aphuphe ngaye uhamba. Nakuba uyise wayengumGreki, Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, amasiko iphoyisa, ungalokothi ashiya imizi yawo. Akucaci ngasiphi isizathu, kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkonzo itilosi wakhe osemusha wathatha nesibongo sikanina.

Ulwandle hlaza umfana, ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi, nokuba usakhula ufinyelelwe, wabhalisa e-Amsterdam Marine ubusosha Corps, futhi 1703, ngineminyaka engu-22, ngempumelelo kuqedwe. Kodwa kungakenzeki lokho, Vitus Bering uhambo kancane kuze umkhumbi-East Indies Dutch. Ngokusobala-ke ikusasa isihambi Behring futhi wenza isinqumo sokuyisebenzisa ukuxhumanisa isiphetho sabo nge kolwandle.

Enkonzweni kaPetru mina

Indlela hit Russian Navy Vitus Bering? Umlando wakhe akubandakanyi lokhu izindleko yokwaziswa okunembile. Esikwaziyo ukuthi ngesikhathi ngemiyalo kaKesari uPeter Omkhulu Russian Russian Navy Admiral Korneliy Ivanovich Kryuys wahlanganyela iqoqo amatilosi abanolwazi wenkonzo yasensimini. Sievers futhi Senyavin wethule umfana, ethi kakade wayesegule zase-East Indies, Ngakho-ke, abanye akukho isipiliyoni kodwa ifa. Evela kweminye imithombo siyazi ukuthi Vitus ayefuna ukuyokhonza khona njengomshumayeli umzala wakhe Sievers, kwakunjalo Navy, futhi ngokuqinisekile eMbusweni Russian. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa iphupho lakhe lifezekile, futhi Behring ethunyelwe Petersburg. Kube wabelwa ukuphatha umkhumbi zithutha izinkuni ukwakha inqaba Kronstadt. Hhayi eziningi, kodwa kwakusekuningi kolwandle!

Ngokushesha Vitus Bering ukhushuliwe uLieutenant futhi waqala ukwenza izabelo wemfanelo futhi inselele. Wathatha iqhaza emkhankasweni Azov, ukulandelela ukunyakaza lwemikhumbi eGulf of Finland abaseSweden, iqhaza le mashi kusukela Arkhangelsk ukuba Kronstadt, waphayona umkhumbi "Iparele" nge elula yayo kusukela eHamburg Petersburg. Kungazelelwe, hhayi ephakama induna esiseqophelweni, Behring kokushiya inkonzo yezempi.

Landelela irekhodi Vitus Bering

Uma senza ngendlela ezalandelana ngayo yonke ezingeni futhi nezihloko wathola wamazwe Behring phakathi nenkonzo yakhe kwezempi, sithola etafuleni elandelayo:

Ukuthi le iziqu nodumo iminyaka yesevisi 20 ahlonishwe Vitus Bering. Biography emfushane, Nokho, akazange ukudalula zonke izinzuzo itilosi. Ukuze ingxenye mlando nezingqapheli zokuma kwendawo mnandi okwalandela zokuphila kwakhe.

Ukuthuthukiswa uxhumano zaseKamchatka uMbuso Russian

Ingabe njalo okwandisa ukucindezelwa serfdom ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta umlando Russian. abalimi Runaway wafuna izwe esasizoba isiphephelo sabo woshushiso. Ngakho kancane kancane abantu Usufike naseSiberia, futhi kukhona eKamchatka. Kodwa insimu yayisivele populated, ngakho uhambo kwahlelwa for yokufuna nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba, ecebile yezinto zemvelo, noboya, nokunye .. Ngo 1598 the Khanate eSiberia ngesikhathi idala ingozi, futhi endaweni baba ingxenye yoMbuso Russian.

Isidingo ucwaningo eKamchatka

Ukuthuthukiswa zaseKamchatka nakwamanye amazwe eSiberia kwaba into eza kuqala kazwelonke. Okokuqala-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ubuyise yengcebo. Kodwa amaphayona ayebizwa ikakhulukazi abafundisekile kahle abantu ngokuyinhloko ngifuna amaminerali, evulekile amasimu amasha, futhi intela bendawo. UMbuso kwakudingeka amabalazwe izwe elisha indlela yasolwandle.

Ngo-1724, uPeter Omkhulu isikhipha umyalo phezu inhlangano umkhankaso eKamchatka eliholwa Vitus Bering ilethwa. Isihambi sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli uthole eKamchatka, ukwakha izikebhe ezimbili baya enyakatho, ukuthola indawo lapho Melika ehlangene eSiberia, futhi ukuthola indlela amadolobha aseYurophu.

Okokuqala eKamchatka Expedition ka Vitus Bering

Ukhushuliwe elisezingeni likakaputeni futhi umholi esiseqophelweni, isihambi esizayo wasiphakamisa oda eNgophezukonke. Ngemva 2 amaviki - 25 Januwari 1725 - amalungu okuqala bomkhankaso misa kusukela Petersburg eKamchatka. Iqembu lalinabashumayeli maphoyisa womabili asolwandle (Alexei Chirikov futhi Martyn Shpanberg), abahloli, bemikhumbi, amatilosi, abagwedli, amatilosi, abapheki. Inani ifinyelele kubantu 100.

Umgwaqo kwakunzima futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kwadingeka ukuba ezihlukahlukene: ezinqoleni, nezibhulo nezinja, izitsha emfuleni. Ukufika e-1727 e Okhotsk, waqala ukwakhiwa lwemikhumbi ukwenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo bomkhankaso. On wale mikhumbi Vitus Bering safinyelela olusentshonalanga eKamchatka. Ngo Nizhnekamchatsk Yakhiwa wempi "St Gabriel", lapho itilosi nethimba waqhubeka. Lo mkhumbi badabula Strait phakathi Alaska Chukotka, kodwa ngenxa izimo zezulu amatilosi abakwazanga ukubona ugu lweNyakatho zwekazi American.

Ingxenye umgomo bomkhankaso Kwakuseshwa. Kodwa wabuye wabuya e 1730 Petersburg, itilosi uletha umbiko mayelana nomsebenzi walo futhi kwenza elilandelayo uhambo phrojekthi. Iningi abaphathi abasemazingeni aphezulu wezwe kanye netifundziswa abazange basiqonde, abafana naye, Vitus Bering, okuyinto wavula. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu okuye kwabonakala - I-Asia nase-United States anixhunyiwe. Ngokuvamile isihambi ukhushuliwe uCaptain-Commander.

Eyesibili uhambo eKamchatka

Ngemva kokubuyela e-Itilosi kuye, amarekhodi kanye namabalazwe kangakanani umuzwa othile. Sibe ukuvikela udumo lwakhe futhi bathethelele ukuzethemba afakwe kuye aphakeme. Futhi umgomo ayikahlanganiswa zonke selivele lifinyelelwe. Awukwazi ukumisa maphakathi. Ngakho, wathatha uhambo lwesibili, futhi wayiyala Vitus Bering. Biography eyabhalwa ababephila isihambi, uthi, ngaphambi nje kokuba uhambo lokuqala kuya ogwini zaseKamchatka, a Shestakov livuliwe strait, ngisho Kuril Islands. Yebo, kodwa zonke lezi zinto ezatholakala ungazange atloliwe. Dane waba nenhlanhla - wafundiswa, bakwazi ukuhlela futhi ahlaziye imiphumela kanye kwaba kahle ikhadi.

I uhambo Vitus Bering yesibili yayinokufanayo imigomo elandelayo: isilungisi Sea of Japan futhi eKamchatka emlonyeni lase-Amur, ekuhleleni wonke asogwini olusenyakatho eSiberia, impumelelo ogwini American, futhi nokuhwebelana abomdabu, uma ikhona, okuyotholakala lapho.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi sobukhosi imperial wahlala Anna Ivanovna, Russia uye wasigcwalisa eziyimiyalo kaPetru. Ngakho-ke, lo msebenzi abanesifiso izikhulu enethonya elikhulu Admiralty. Isinqumo umkhankaso yanyatheliswa ngo-1732. Uma they finyelela Okhotsk, e 1740 Behring isakhiwo ezimbili iphakethe isikebhe - ". St Paul" "Saint Peter" futhi Bona Abacwaningi bafinyelela ogwini olusempumalanga ye eKamchatka.

uhambo Imiphumela

uhambo Sea sikhathi kwaphumelela. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo edabukisayo - ebusika e 1741 Vitus Bering wafa. Yini wathola, kungenzeka uhlolwe ngendlela kamuva kuphela. Ngoba ke ukuqinisekisa ukunemba imiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe kwakunzima - endleleni eSiberia namanje engaphansi kakhulu ku whims bemvelo. Kodwa noma kunjalo, abahambi sebeqalile kakade ukusebenzisa amakhadi ukuthi kwaba Vitus Bering. Kuvulwa ukuphayona omkhulu abavumelekile ukuthuthukiswa nokuxhashazwa mazwe amasha.

Ngakho, lokhu okulandelayo kwenziwe:

• Achinsk bay lasePetropavlovsk yasungulwa.
• Ngokusebenzisa yesimanje Bering Sea lifika ngasogwini Alaska.
• Endleleni, wavula Aleutian esijwayelekile Islands Shumagin.
• Anamamephu le Aleutian esijwayelekile Range.
• Kutholakele futhi womkhathi weNingizimu Evdokeevskie Islands futhi Chirikov (Misty).
• Vula Bering Island, lapho afela khona ngo 1741 itilosi.
• Anamamephu endaweni enyakatho nasempumalanga Russia, insimu yasekhaya yeSiberia.
• Zakartografirovany Kuril Islands.
• Ngithole indlela Japan.

Uma sihlole umlando nokwatholakala womhlaba, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi lo mkhankaso kwaba ingxenye kuphela umkhankaso emikhulu. Laqedwa nje eminyakeni embalwa emkhakheni sokufa iBering, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi kuphela ngenxa ithalente lakhe yenhlangano. Phela, uye wahlukanisa ababambiqhaza ngamaqembu yeNyakatho Expedition, ikhishelwa umsebenzi ngamunye ethize. Nakuba kwakubiza womuntu, umkhankaso seliqediwe kakhulu ngempumelelo.

Vitus Bering olufana?

owathola ukubukeka ezinye wokuphila sokungabaza. It kuvela zonke isithombe ajwayelekile, okuyinto ukuboniswa Vitus Bering (isithombe bese wayengekho), akuhambisani ngokoqobo. Lawa ekumeni bomfowabo kayise. Izingxabano zalunga ngokuhlola kogebhezi kabusha ukusungulwa ingaphandle esebenzisa sekulingisa. Ngenxa yalokho, ubuso wangempela isihambi wamukelwe. Ngempela, Vitus Bering (izithombe ethulwa esihlokweni) waba ukubukeka ehlukene kakhulu. Kodwa akusho ukuthi lokhu kunganciphisa ukubaluleka ezitholwe zakhe.

Isimilo itilosi enkulu

Ngokusho ulwazi olutholakala, itilosi waba uhlobo ambalwa mnene, okuyinto ezingafanelanga ikhanda bomkhankaso. Futhi okwamanje Bering kabili oqokelwe kulesi sikhundla. Kufanele kuqashelwe omunye ayinto engaqondakali. umcwaningi eSiberia akuzange uthanda ukuletha leli cala umphumela - wayengathi ukuhlala isikhathi lapho umgomo ususondele. Lesi sici Bering kugujwa nabangane, futhi amalungu Kuzonyuka. Noma kunjalo, kunconywa ke njengoba umholi nomhleli, futhi uPeter Omkhulu, futhi u-Anne Ioannovne. Kungenziwa kanjani lokhu wachaza? Kufanele kube yokuthi, naphezu kwazo zonke amaphutha ayo, Vitus Bering kwaba Itilosi abanolwazi. Wayekwazi ulandele imiyalo, esasiphethe kakhulu neyokuphatha, futhi, okokugcina, A devotee umbuso, ogama service kwaba. Yebo, kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi lezi izimfanelo wakhethwa ukuba bafeze lezi ucwaningo ebalulekile womhlaba.

Tomb of umcwaningi eKamchatka

Ngemva Vitus Bering afela khona esiqhingini, nazo zatholakala wangcwatshwa kanye ifakiwe, ngokuvumelana nesiko langalesosikhathi, esiphambanweni sokhuni. Kusobala ukuthi lesi sihlahla sesibolile futhi crumbled nge sikhathi. Nokho, ngo-1864 on the spot lapho, ngezizukulwane abangane Bering sika, ithuna lakhe, esiphambanweni entsha lokhuni lamiswao. Kwakuwusuku sokunconywa iNkampani Russian-American, eyasungulwa phakathi nokubusa uPawulu.

search uhambo ukuze izindawo yeSiberia umcwaningi yokungcwaba lahlelwa ngo-1991. Esiqhingini kwatholakala ethuneni Bering hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi amatilosi amahlanu ngaphezulu. Izinsalela ezitholakele nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi eMoscow ukufunda. Amathambo kanye ugebhezi ibuyiselwe ukubukeka isihambi. ososayensi babe futhi akwazi ukuthola ukuthi akazange afe ephethwe yisifo sezinsini njengoba kuhlosiwe, kodwa isifo (okuyinto, ngokunembile, akwaziwa). Ngemva kokuphothulwa izifundo izinsalela babebuyela siqhingi zingcwatshwe.

Izinto zibizwa itilosi enkulu

Kumemori isihambi futhi ngegalelo lakhe izifundo womhlaba, igama lakhe kunikezwa izinto ezifana:

• Streets eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Astrakhan Nizhny Novgorod, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, saseTomsk futhi Yakutsk.
• Isiqhingi Straits, Cape, Glacier, Sea.
• Ophihliza iqhwa kanye diesel-kagesi.
• State University e eKamchatka.
• Izitshalo ezimila Ekude.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihambi isuswe ifilimu "The Ballad of Bering nabangani bakhe."

Okusho Itilosi okutholakele

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka hhayi ukubaluleka ngohambo lwasolwandle olwandle Vitus Bering. Kuyinto ngenxa naye kwakukhona amamephu kuqala kahle ungenisa yeSiberia. Kamuva, kwasiza ekuthuthukiseni ingxenye Asian of the Empire, Russian. Through uhambo lwakhe waqala ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo esifundeni. Waqala kukhishwe amaminerali ke waqala ukuthuthukisa imboni yezimayini Foundry umkhakha.

UMbuso waseRussia wathola umthelela wemali engcebeni yezimali kanye namasimu amasha, ukubaluleka kwawo jikelele nomthelela wanda. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, leli zwe lakwazi ukudayisa nalawo mazwe ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukufika emigwaqweni evele ithuthukile. Phela, lezi zindawo zaziphethwe ezinye izifundazwe, ezikhokha imali enkulu yokuwela kwabo. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwazo zonke izinsizakalo zakhe, ukuqashelwa kweVius Bering kwakungemva kwesikhathi, ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kokuthola kwakhe ngabanye abahambi. Ngakho-ke, wonke owaziwa manje uBering Strait unegama lakhe kusukela ekukhanyeni kukaJakobe Cook.