ECrimea: umlando nhlonhlo. Kanjani eCrimea, futhi uyini umlando abantu bakhe?

Ngonyaka odlule, enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea bekuyingxenye isimo Ukraine. Kodwa ngemva kwenyanga kaMatjhi 16, 2014, yena salandelwa "indawo yokuhlala, 'baba ingxenye Russian Federation. Ngakho ngempela ukuchaza nesithakazelo esikhulayo indlela yokuhlakulela eCrimea. Umlando yale nhlonhlo siyahedletela kakhulu futhi okukhulu.

Izakhamuzi lokuqala zwe lasendulo

Umlando ezizwe eCrimea sihlehlela emuva zeminyaka eziningana. Enhlonhlweni, abacwaningi bathola izinsalela zabantu lasendulo owayehlala kufike emuva lapho kuqala inkathi Paleolithic. Eduze yokupaka Kiik-Koba futhi Staroselie abavubukuli bathola amathambo abantu ngaleso sikhathi owakhiwe kule ndawo.

Esikhathini yokuqala yeminyaka BC, i Cimmerians wahlala lapha, umkhiqizo futhi amaSkithe. Simelele isizwe kuleyo nsimu, noma kunalokho entabeni yayo futhi ugu izingxenye namanje ngokuthi Tauris, umkhiqizo, noma Tauridia. abantu sidilizwa abahlanganyela kulo umhlaba ukulima futhi isilwane ukunakekela hhayi evundile kakhulu, kanye ukuzingela nokudoba. Izwe wawumusha, fresh futhi elikhanyayo.

AmaGreki, amaRoma kanye Goths

Kodwa ezinye zithi lasendulo ekhangayo ngokuya indawo ke kwenzakala eCrimea libalele. Umlando, inhlonhlo ye-futhi has Echoes of esiGrekini. Babalelwa ku 6-5 eminyaka th BC, endaweni baqala ngenkuthalo ikoloni namaGreki. Zasungula lonke ikoloni, ngemva kwalokho kwavela isimo kuqala. AmaGreki amphathele nabo izinzuzo impucuko: bakha amathempeli yeshashalazi, izinkundla zemidlalo nezindawo zokugeza. Ngalesi sikhathi lapho basungula shipbuilding. Kuyinto kusukela mlando ngesiGreki zithi ukuthuthukiswa viticulture. Futhi, amaGreki batshala izihlahla zomnqumo lapha futhi behileleke nakwezamabhizinisi iqoqo uwoyela. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi njengoba kusondela umlando amaGreki eCrimea seluthole sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha.

Kodwa ngemva amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, iRoma onamandla waba iso lakhe kule nsimu ashaqa yogu. Lokhu kushaqa waqhubeka kwaze kwaba 6th AD leminyaka. Kodwa umonakalo enkulu ekuthuthukiseni enhlonhlweni okubangelwa izizwe Gothic ahlasela namakhulu eminyaka 3-4th futhi ngokusebenzisa oqubuke isimo ngesiGreki. Nakuba ngomumo maduze ophoqelelwe ezinye izizwe, ukuthuthukiswa eCrimea kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi-ke ehlile.

Khazaria futhi Tmutarakan

ECrimea ubizwa nangokuthi Khazars lasendulo, futhi kwezinye zemihla Russian kule nsimu ngokuthi tmutarakani. Futhi akusiwona igama eziqanjiwe kwendawo lapho eCrimea. Umlando ushiye enhlonhlweni okukhulunywa labo igama toponymic, okuyinto ngesikhathi esisodwa noma esinye okuthiwa le ngxenye ezweni mass emhlabeni. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-5, wonke eCrimea lungena ngaphansi esiqinile ithonya WaseByzantium. Kodwa kakade ekhulwini 7th, yonke indawo kule nhlonhlo (ngaphandle eChersonese) uku Khazar Khaganate, esinamandla futhi eqinile. Yingakho eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngokuthi "Khazars" okwatholakala emibhalweni yesandla eminingi. Kodwa Russia nase Khazars zonke imbangi isikhathi, futhi emlandweni weminyaka engu-960 iqala eCrimea Russian. Khanate ibhujisiwe, futhi zonke angaphansi isimo Russian ubunikazi Khazar Old. Manje kule ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi tmutarakani.

By endleleni, lapha Kiev Prince uVladimir, owathatha Kherson (Korsun) e 988 kwaba christened ngokusemthethweni.

Tatar-Mongol umzila

Kusukela ngekhulu le-13 emlandweni we nokudliwa eCrimea futhi eba simo umkhosi: enhlonhlweni ahlaselayo amaMongol AmaTatar.

kwakhiwa Kukhona YaseCrimea Khanate - a division of Golden zidlamlilo. Ngemva zolotaya Orda ezidabula, e 1443 enhlonhlweni kukhona Krymskoe Hanstvo. Ngo 1475 uwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwethonya Turkey. Kuyinto lapha uzibophezele ukuhlasela eminingi phezu Polish, isi-Russian namazwe Ukraine. Futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, ayehlasela kuba kusakazeke futhi zisongele ubuqotho kokubili State eMoscow nePoland. Ngokuyinhloko, abaseTurkey abebezingela amaholo aphansi: bangamaqonqela abantu ethumba azidayisele ebugqilini izimakethe inceku Turkey. Esinye sezizathu ukusungulwa Zaporizhzhya Sich e 1554 kwaba ukumelana nalezi aqala ukunqoba ephindelela.

umlando Russian

Russian ukudluliswa eCrimea Ukulandisa kuqhubeka kuthi ngo-1774, lapho iSivumelwano Küçük Kaynarca sasayinwa. Ngemva kwempi Russian-Turkish ka 1768-1774 yabhujiswa cishe 300 eminyakeni yokubuswa WaseTurkey. I-Turks wenqaba eCrimea. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi enhlonhlweni kukhona imizi elikhulu Sevastopol futhi Simferopol. ECrimea buyadlondlobala, imali okutshalwa kuwo izimali lapha, uqala zezimbali okusheshayo izimboni nezentengiselwano.

Kodwa Turkey enganikanga izinhlelo sokubuyisa ngezizathu ezikhangayo futhi ulungiselela impi entsha. Kumele sikhokhe intela ibutho Russian, okuyinto akazange avumele ukuba benze kanjalo. Ngemva kwenye impi iSivumelwano Jassy esayinwe 1791.

isinqumo sangamabomu uCatherine II

Ngakho, empeleni inhlonhlo manje ingxenye yombuso onamandla, ogama lakhe - eRussia. ECrimea, omlando wakhe kuhlanganisa eziningi inguqulelo isuka kwesinye isandla iye, kwakudingeka ukuzivikela eqinile. Ngazuza amazwe eningizimu kudingeka uvikelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha umngcele. Umbusikazi uCatherine II esiphathiswe Prince Potemkin ukufunda izinzuzo ezinhle nobuthakathaka babantu wadla eCrimea. Ngo-1782, Potemkin wabhalela iNdlovukazi, okuyinto ephikelela ukwamukelwa of izinqumo ezibalulekile. Catherine uyavuma nge amaphuzu akhe. Uyaqonda ukuthi kubaluleke eCrimea ukuxazulula izinkinga zangaphakathi zombuso kanye nombono inqubomgomo angaphandle.

April 8, 1783, uCatherine II yakhipha Manifesto ku ukubusa eCrimea. Kwakuyisikhathi idokhumenti kwesibhamu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela ngalolo suku, Russia, eCrimea, umlando umbuso, futhi le nhlonhlo ivame eduze okwakuthandelene eminyaka. Ngokwe-Manifesto, bonke abahlali Crimean abangu wathembisa ukuwavikela zensimu isitha, kulondolozwe impahla kanye nekukholwa.

Nokho, abaseTurkey wokukhushulwa eCrimea eRussia neyaziwayo ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishagalombili kuphela. Sonke leso sikhathi, isimo ezizungezile enhlonhlweni sasishubile kakhulu. Lapho Manifesto yanyatheliswa, owokuqala sokwethembeka uMbuso Russian wafunga abefundisi kuphela ke - kuso sonke isibalo sabantu. Enhlonhlweni ahlelwe imikhosi ngokwesiko, idili, kwenziwe imidlalo futhi imijaho yamahhashi, isibhamu isibhamu of iziqhumane eye yabizwa ngawo emoyeni. Njengoba kuphawuliwe bangesikhathi, lonke eCrimea ne nenjabulo nokuthokoza, wadlulela Empire Russian.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, eCrimea, umlando inhlonhlo kanye indlela yokuphila abantu bakhona abangu atehlukaniseki zonke izinto ezenzeka ngaphansi koMbuso Russian.

A yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni

Umlando Omfushane eCrimea ngemva wadla uMbuso Russian lingachazwa ngegama elilodwa - "eziqhakaza." Kukhona isiqala ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa umkhakha nezolimo, winemaking, viticulture. Emadolobheni kukhona izinhlanzi kanye amapani usawoti, abantu ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhweba izibopho.

Njengoba eCrimea ungaphakathi isimo sezulu esifudumele kakhulu futhi evumayo, abantu abaningi abacebile Tsarist Russia wafuna ukuthola lapha ezweni. Netikhulu, amalungu asebukhosini, osozimboni njengelungelo ukuba wathola ifa lomndeni kule nhlonhlo. Esikhathini 19 th - kuka-20 leminyaka th, lapho uqala zezimbali okusheshayo bokwakha. Izinduna umkhakha, ladies bobukhosi, elite Russian oyakhayo lapha lonke izigodlo aphule amapaki amahle okuyinto eziye zalondolozwa ensimini ka eCrimea namuhla. Futhi emva kwamadoda asebukhosini, inhlonhlo ye-welulela abaculi, abadlali, abahlabeleli, abaculi, yaseshashalazini-goers. ECrimea sekuba mecca yamasiko Empire Russian.

Ungakhohlwa ngesimo sezulu salubrious kule nhlonhlo. Njengoba odokotela okuye kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ukuthi emoyeni eCrimea sisihle kakhulu ekwelapheni isifo sofuba, lapha pilgrimage mass abafisa usuke kusuka kuleli lesi sifo sibulale. ECrimea isiba ezikhangayo hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa lonke bohemian, kodwa futhi ukuze zisetshenziselwe ezokuvakasha impilo.

Bekanye lonke lelo zwe

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 le nhlonhlo yasungulwa kanye kulo lonke leli zwe. Hhayi lidlule ke, futhi ngo-October Revolution nempi yombango okwalandela. Yingaleso kusukela eCrimea (Yalta, Sevastopol, Theodosia) wahamba imikhumbi esidlule nezitsha, lapho Russian kwesokunxele nezazi Russian. Lona lapho kwakukhona khona uphumo mass Abamhlophe. Izwe usungule isimiso esisha, futhi eCrimea ngeke ushiye.

Ngaziphebeza 20s kwekhulu elidlule iphutha ekuguqulweni eCrimea zonke-Union impilo yokungcebeleka. Ngo-1919, amaBolshevik ukwamukela "Isinqumo SNK ezindaweni zokwelapha obaluleke kakhulu ezweni." ECrimea olotshwe umugqa yakhe ebomvu. Ngemva konyaka ngemvume kwenye incwadi ebalulekile - ". On ukusetshenziswa eCrimea ekwelapheni abasebenzi 'isinqumo

Kuze impi, insimu nhlonhlo kufanele kusetshenziswe njengoncedo indawo ngoba consumptives. Ngezinye Yalta ngo-1922 ngisho inikeza Institute ezikhethekile isifo sofuba. Imali ezingeni elifanele, futhi ngokushesha SRI isiba isikhungo eziyinhloko zezwe ukuhlinzwa wamaphaphu.

Epochal lenkomfa Crimean

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, inhlonhlo eme kwaba yesehlakalo omkhulu imisebenzi yezempi. Lapha salwa ezweni olwandle, emoyeni nasezintabeni. emadolobheni amabili - Sevastopol futhi Kerch - wathola isihloko Hero City neqhaza elikhulu ukunqoba wobushiqela.

Nokho, akuzona zonke izizwe abahlala eCrimea zamazwe ngamazwe, walwa ohlangothini Army Soviet. Abanye abameleli we YaseCrimea AmaTatar obala asekelwe abahlaseli. Yingakho ngo-1944 Stalin decreed kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa YaseCrimea AmaTatar ngaphandle eCrimea. Amakhulu izitimela ngosuku sebelithathile isizwe esithile e-Asia Ephakathi.

ECrimea wehlela emlandweni sibonga yokuthi ngo-February 1945, kwaba nomhlangano e-Livadia Isigodlo e inkomfa Yalta. Abaholi balezi ayizikhondlakhondla ezintathu - Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA) kanye Churchill (United Kingdom) - ngemvume eCrimea izincwadi ezibalulekile international lapho oda izwe liye lachazwa sekungamashumi amaningi eminyaka post-yimpi.

ECrimea - Ukrainian

Ngo-1954 kuza mlando entsha. Ubuholi Soviet enquma ukuze uthumele Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of eCrimea. Umlando, inhlonhlo ye basungula lwesigameko entsha. Lo mkhankaso weza mathupha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ikhanda LamaKhomanisi uNikita Khrushchev.

Lokhu kwakwenzelwa round yimanje: ngawo lowo nyaka ezweni kugujwa iminyaka engu-300th we Pereyaslav Rada. Ukuze kugujwe lesi usuku mlando, futhi kubonisa ukuthi izizwe Russian futhi Ukraine bamunye, eCrimea wayiswa Ukrainian SSR. Futhi manje-ke sezibonakala sisonke ingxenye yonke pair of "Ukraine - eCrimea". Umlando yale nhlonhlo nichinaet ezichazwe zemihla esikhathi abanalo ahlanzekile.

Ingabe-ke isinqumo kwezomnotho kulingane, kwaba kunomvu- ngenkathi ukuthatha leso sinyathelo - imibuzo enjalo ngisho wabonakala ngesikhathi. Njengoba eSoviet Union ayengomunye wazo, akekho oye zinikwe ekhethekile ukuthi eCrimea kuyoba ingxenye RSFSR kanye Ukrainian SSR.

Ukuzimela ngaphakathi Ukraine

Lapho kwakhiwa geqe Ukrainian, eCrimea lithole isimo yokuzimela. Ngo-September 1991, ke bamukela Simemetelo State Ubukhosi weRiphabhulikhi. A-December 1, 1991 inhlolovo owawuse lapho 54% labantu YaseCrimea asekelwe kutimela Ukraine. Ngo-May ngonyaka ozayo, yamukela uMtsetfosisekelo weRiphabhulikhi eCrimea, futhi ngo-February 1994 Crimeans ukhethe uMongameli wokuqala Republic of eCrimea. Zaba Yuri Meshkov.

Kwakungenxa eminyakeni yokwakha kabusha zonke izingxabano waqala kuphakama kaningi ukuthi Khrushchev wanika eCrimea kuya Ukraine ngokungemthetho. inhliziyo Pro-Russian e enhlonhlweni ziqinile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, njengoba nje ithuba, eCrimea ebuyela eRussia.

Kwesibhamu Mashi 2014 th

Nakuba e-Ukraine ngasekupheleni 2013 - ekuqaleni kuka-2014 eqala ukukhuluphala emikhulu kahulumeni esibucayi, amazwi bayanda eCrimea ukuthi enhlonhlweni kufanele ngibuyele eRussia. Ngobusuku buka-26 ku-February 27, amadoda abangaziwa ifulege Russian waba nawo phezu isakhiwo boPhezukonke Council eCrimea.

Esiphakeme oPhethe eCrimea Sevastopol City Council antjintje isimemezelo phezu ukuzimela eCrimea. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena uzwakalise umbono ukubamba inhlolovo zonke-YaseCrimea. Ekuqaleni, kwathiwa kaMashi 31, kodwa ke wahlupheka amasonto amabili ngaphambi kwalokho - on 16 Mashi. Crimean inhlolovo imiphumela umxhwele: ku eCrimea ngokujoyina Russia uvotele 96,6% abavoti. Izinga jikelele tekwesekela isinqumo we YaseCrimea nhlonhlo labantu laliphakathi 81,3%.

Umlando wanamuhla eCrimea uyaqhubeka ukuma kwethu phambi kwamehlo ethu. Akuwona wonke amazwe baye baqaphela isimo eCrimea. Kodwa Crimeans siphile enokholo ikusasa eliqhakazile.