Izikali ezingenayo: amagama, incazelo, izindawo

Ama-lichens e-Class are enye yezinto eziphilayo futhi ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Isayensi iyazi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-25 ezinhlobonhlobo zazo, uhlelo lokusabalalisa kwabo namanje aluqondi kahle. Uhlelo lwabo lwezici ezimbili luhlelwe: i-fungus ne-algae, lokhu kuhlanganisa kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene.

Ziyini ama-lichen esilinganiso

Igama elithi "lichens" livela esilinganisweni nesifo sezinyosi, esivela ekubukeni kwabo. I-Lichens yilabo abamele izinhlobo eziyingqayizivele, eyaziwayo kulabo abakhelayo kukhona ngesikhathi esifanayo ezimbili eziphilayo, izilwanyana kanye nama-mushroom. Ososayensi abaningi bahlukanisa ekilasini elihlukile lalezi zinhlobonhlobo zefungus . Ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu kuyingqayizivele: i-fungus ngaphakathi komzimba wayo yenza indawo ekhethekile lapho i-alga ivikelwe khona emithonjeni yangaphandle futhi inikezwa i-liquid ne-oxygen. I-mushroom idla amanzi avela ku-substrate, ithatha umoya-mpilo, ngakho-ke i-algae ngaphakathi ithola ukudla okunomsoco futhi izwa ikhululekile. Ukuba khona kwazo, akukho mhlabathi okhethekile okudingekayo, bayakhula nomaphi lapho kukhona umoya namanzi ngisho nangokwesikhashana. Abameleli bama-lichens abangenakulungiswa bahlanganisa amatshe aqoshiwe, amatshe, akhula ngobumba, ophahleni kanye nemithi.

Endaweni enhle ekusebenzeni kwe-photosynthesis, i- algae ikhiqiza ama-carbohydrate, edla ngefungus. Leli gciwane liyi-parasite emzimbeni wakhe, nokho ukuhlala kwabo kungcono, kunalokho, i-symbiosis. Kuyi-algae okuyingxenye ebalulekile. Uma sihlukanisa ne-fungus, ezimweni eziningi izokwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila okuzimele , okuzimele futhi izoqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ngokuzimela. I-fungus ngokuqinisekile izofa ngaphandle kokudla, eyayithola.

Izindawo zokukhula kwama-lichens

I-Lichens ingenye yama-microorganisms avamile kakhulu emhlabeni. Cishe kuzo zonke izindawo, umuntu angathola ama-lichen, akwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yimiphi imibandela. Ehlushwa emakhazeni, azizwa kahle emithambekeni yamadwala ase-polar, akhululekile ezindaweni ezishisayo nasehlane.

Isikali sezinhlayiya zisakazwa emhlabeni wonke, azidingi izimo ezithile ezikhethekile. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-substrate kanye nezici zesimo sezulu, lokhu noma leyo nhlobo ikhula phansi. Njengoba ikhula, ihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu, igcwalise ngokuphelele imithambeka yamatshe namatshe okuvala.

Njengomthetho, amaqembu anamathele ezimweni zezulu noma endaweni yendalo. Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala kuphela e-Arctic, abanye kuphela ku-taiga. Kodwa kulesi simiso kunezinombolo eziningi, lapho i-geography yokukhula ihlobene nezimo zemvelo eziphindaphindiwe ezifundeni ezahlukene. Lezi zingulube zihlala ogwini lwamachibi amanzi ahlanzekile, olwandle, ezintabeni, njll. Futhi, ukusabalalisa kungahlanganiswa nezici ezithile zomhlabathi: amanye amaqembu ama-lichen akhula ebumbeni, amanye asehlabathini enomhlabathi, njll.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunesigaba esincane sezinhlobo ezikhula emhlabeni jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo zemvelo noma zezulu ziphi.

Okusho nge-Ecology

Esikhathini sesimiso sezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, zikhona yonke indawo. Ukubaluleka kwama-lichen kuhle, lezi zinhlobo zenza umsebenzi ophelele. Bahlala endaweni ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni inhlabathi, baqala ukungena emigqeni futhi bacebise ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwezinye izinhlobo. Isikali ama-lichens asidingi i-substrate ekhethekile, ehlanganisa indawo yomhlabathi ongenalutho, ayilungisa futhi ayifanelekele impilo yezinye izitshalo. Ngenkathi yokukhula, akhipha ama-acids akhethekile enhlabathini, ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba ukhululeka kanjani, isimo sezulu sezulu kanye nokucebisa oksijini kwenzeka.

Imvelo oyintandokazi yokukhula kwama-lichens lapho ezwa khona ukhululekile ngamadwala. Zibambelele ngokuzethemba emadwaleni nasemadwaleni, zishintsha umbala wazo, zenze kancane kancane izimo zabo zomhlaba ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinhlobo.

Izilwane eziningi zinemibala ehambelana nomunye noma uhlobo oluthile lwe-lichen olukhula endaweni yazo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba usibambe futhi uzivikele kuzilwane ezidla izilwane.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle

Ukubukeka kwale fungi ye-symbiotic kuhluka kakhulu. I-lichens, i-scum noma i-cortical, ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi yenza i-crust ebusweni lapho ikhula khona, efana nesilinganiso. Bangathatha isimo esihlukile futhi babe nemibala engalindelekile: pink, blue, gray, lilac, orange, yellow noma enye.

Ososayensi bahlukanisa amaqembu amathathu amakhulu:

• ukukala;

• shicilela;

• okuhle.

Izimpawu zezilinganiso zama-lichens - zikhula ngokuqinile emhlabathini noma enye i-substrate, akunakwenzeka ukususa ngaphandle kokulimala. Ama-lichens anjalo avame kakhulu emadolobheni lapho angakhula khona ezindongeni zekhonktha, izihlahla. Zivame futhi zitholakale emithambekeni. Nomaphi lapho lezi zinyama zitholakala khona, izinhlobo ze-scaly azidingi izimo eziphawulekayo futhi uzizwa ngokuphelele ngisho nasematheni.

Ziyi-crust ehlanganiswe nezindawo ezingenakufanelekela impilo yezinye izitshalo. Ngenxa yobungqayizivele besakhiwo sabo nokubukeka kwabo, bangakwazi ukungaboni kahle futhi bahlangane nemvelo. Ngokusobala wonke amakhowe anjalo abizwa ngokuthi ama- moss, ama-moss angolunye lwezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezitshalo eziphansi.

Ukuhlukanisa ama-lichens esikalini esivela kwezinye izilwane kulula. Amaqabunga afakwa enhlabathini ngosizo lweziqu ezifana neziqu ezincane. Umzimba we-lichen unemibala ehlukahlukene, ubukhulu bawo bungabuye buguquke.

Ama-bushy anefomu yangaphandle eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke. Ziqukethe amahlumela, azungeze noma aphansi, angakhula emhlabathini, amatshe. Ziyizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ezikhulayo, nazo zingahle zivele ezihlahleni.

Isikali sezinyosi singaba nesimo esiphezulu phakathi kwala maqembu kanye nezici zezinye izinhlobo: lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuhloswe kuphela kumpawu zabo zangaphandle.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi

Umzimba we-scum lichen, noma i-thallus (thallus), unemihlobo emibili:

• i-homeome;

• i-heteromeric.

Uhlobo lokuqala luyinto elula, kuwo amaseli we-algae agcinwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwe-hyphae ye-fungus. Ngokuvamile, isakhiwo esinjalo sitholakala emasikini angama-lichen, ngokwesibonelo, ekuqhekekeni kwesibindi se-genus ye-colum. Esimweni esithulile babonakala njengama-crusts omisiwe, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya lokuswakama ngokushesha kuvuvuka, kuba uhlobo lwamaqabunga amaqabunga. Ungakwazi ukuhlangana nabo ogwini lolwandle oluMnyama.

I-thallus ye-heteromeric ye-lichen ine-device eyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-lichens amaningi kakhulu alolu hlobo. Ngomongo walolu hlobo, inhlangano yakhe yangaphakathi ehlelekile ingalandelwa. Ingqimba ephezulu yenza amafungus, ngaleyo ndlela ivikela ama-algae ekumeni noma ekuphuzeni. Ngaphansi kwe-mushroom kunamagatsha anamathiselwe amangqamuzana algae. Ngezansi enye ingqimba yentamo, okuyi-substrate yama-algae, igcina izinga elifunayo lomswakama kanye ne-oxygen.

Amaqembu ama-lichens

Ngokusho kohlobo lokukhula nokunamathiselwe kohlobo lwe-substrate phakathi kwama-lichens esikalini, amaqembu alandelayo ayahlukaniswa:

• ukuhlunga;

• i-epiphytic;

• ukuhlela;

• Amanzi.

Iqembu lokuqala, i-liigs e-epigene, lisatshalaliswa enhlabathini ehlukahlukene, futhi likhula kahle nasezigubheni nasemadwaleni. Bangakwazi ukulwa nomncintiswano nezitshalo zamaqembu aphakeme, ngakho-ke emhlabathini omncane akhula njalo, ekhetha umhlaba ovundile. Ezinye zazo zikhula emanzini omile, emigwaqweni, endaweni ehlala kuyo, lapho izindawo ezinkulu zihlala khona, njll. Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu yi-lyceum, i-perthusarium, i-ikmadofida.

I-Epigeous ingabuye ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: ukuhamba (ngokubhekisela kwezinye izinhlobo) kanye nama-lichen ahlala enhlabathini, ekhula ngokukhulu. Ukwehliswa okufakiwe kungahle kube khona enhlabathini enhlabathini, enhlabathini. Isikali sezingcingo zegama kuleli qembu sinezinto ezilandelayo: i-ramaline isontekile, i-parmelia emnyama, i-cowberry, i-pinky, nabanye.

Izikhukhula ze-epiphytic zikhula kuphela ezihlahleni noma ezihlahleni. Zibuye zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: i-epiphylal (ikhona emaqabunga, amagxolo) kanye ne-epixial, evela ezingxenyeni ezintsha. Ezimweni eziningi, zitholakala ku-crust, endaweni encane, inqwaba yezinhlobo ezehlukene zokwehlisa ama-lichen angakwazi ukuhlangana ngokugcwele, ukushintsha ngokuphelele umbala wesihlahla nokudala indawo entsha yangaphandle.

Isikali sesilwane se-epilithic sihlala emadwaleni nasemadwaleni amatshe. Izibonelo zazo zihlukile: ezinye zakhiwe kuphela emanzini omlilo, ezinye zikhetha amadwala ase-silicic, ezinye zixazulula kokubili lapho futhi lapho, kanye nasemaphakheni edolobha, izindonga.

Izinhlobo zama-lichen esilinganiso

Isikali sezinhlanzi ziza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezine ezithathwe kwisayensi: i-epilithic, i-epigene, i-epiphytic ne-epixial. Bangakwazi ukukhula emagodini emithi, emapulini afile, ekukhunjini, kodwa kaningi bakhula ngamatshe angenalutho.

Ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene kunazo zonke, ama-lichens esikalini akhula. Izibonelo zingatholakala kalula kunoma yimuphi umuzi noma ihlathi: ezizindongeni, ophahleni, amadwala, amadwala. Zibambelele kakhulu enhlabathini ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuzisusa ngaphandle kokulimala.

Isikweletu se-Lichen sakha i-crust, efana ne-scum. Bangaba nombala ohluke kakhulu, futhi, ngokugcwele ukumboza isihloko se-landscape, bashintshe ngokuphawulekayo ukubukeka kwayo. Amadwala aphuzi, ama-purple, amatshe aphuzi abomvu enza ukuthi indawo ecacile futhi engavamile.

I-aspicilia, i-hematoma, i-lecanor, i-lecidia, i-grapis, i-biator yizona ziqhwa ezidumile kakhulu, izibonelo zokukhula kwazo zitholakala cishe kulo lonke izwe. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-biator zikhona ngesikhathi esisodwa emathunjini nasemadwaleni. Isikali lichen lekanora, isibonelo, singakhula ezinsizeni ezihlukahlukene: njengamatshe, nasezihlahleni noma ezihlahleni.

Ukusabalalisa ama-lichens esikali

Kunezindlela ezintathu zokukhiqiza: i-vegetative, ngokobulili noma e-asexual. Ukukhiqiza ngokocansi kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu: ama-lichens akha ama-apothecations, ama-perithets noma ama-hasterottion - lawa yizindikimba ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi komzimba lapho izinhlamvu zikhula khona. Intuthuko yabo ihamba kancane kakhulu futhi ingaqhubeka iminyaka eyi-10. Emva kwalokhu inqubo igcwalisiwe, ama-hastertices aqala ukukhiqiza izinhlamvu, kamuva ezikhula ekushiseni okufunayo nomswakama.

Ngokuvuthwa kwe-asexual yama-lichens, ama-spores aphakama futhi athuthuke ngokuqondile emkhathini.

Ekukhiqizeni kwezitshalo kwakuhilelekile izinto ezincane eziqukethe izinhlayiya ze-algae kanye ne-fungus, nezihlahla ze-thallus. Zisakazeka ngomoya noma izilwane, zihamba zize zithole i-substrate efanelekile. Lena yindlela esheshayo yokukhiqiza, okufaka isandla ekusakazeni ngokushesha. Ukhiqizwa ngale ndlela kungase kwenzeke nocezu olungakalungi lwe-lichen, kodwa kulokhu amathuba okukhula ku-substrate entsha azobe esezansi.

Isicelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-lichens esikalini kungavamile ngokubanzi: bayakwazi ukukhula lapho kungekho ithuba elilodwa kunoma yisiphi esinye isitshalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, balungiselela imidiya edingekayo, inani elanele le-humus lokukhula kwezinye izitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusukela ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane zama-lichens, izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ezinobuthi, abanye bathola isicelo sabo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene: ezolimo, imithi.

Ukusetshenziswa nokubaluleka kwama-lichen ku-pharmacy nakho kuhle: abahlengikazi emadolobheni bayazi izindawo eziwusizo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, ziwasebenzisa ukuphatha izifo eziningi ezihlukahlukene: kusuka ekukhwehleleni kuya ekuhlaleni kwe-oncology. I-scum ephumelela kakhulu ekuphulukiseni ukuvuvukala okungenamafutha. Zinqunywa ngokucophelela ebusweni futhi zisetshenziselwa isilonda - ngenxa yezinto zokulwa namagciwane kanye nezinambuzane eziqukethe ukubunjwa kwazo, zibhubhisa amabhaktheriya, zifaka isandla ekuhlanzeni nasekuphulukiseni isilonda esivulekile.

Ukulinganisa isimo semvelo ngokusebenzisa ama-lichens

Ezesayensi, asetshenziselwa ukuhlola izimo zemvelo kanye nekhwalithi yomoya. Isikali sezinyosi yizona eziphikisana kakhulu nokulimala kwezimo zemvelo, zibekezelela izinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nokungcoliswa kwezinga eliphezulu lomoya, kodwa lokhu kunomthelela omkhulu esimweni sabo. Ngenxa yobuningi besakhiwo sayo, ama-lichen athola amanzi angenayo nomoya ngaphandle kwezihlungi ezengeziwe, konke kanye kanye ne-thallus yonke. Ngenxa yalokhu, bazwela ukungcola kanye nezinguquko ekubunjweni kwamanzi noma amanzi, ngoba ubuthi buyaphazamisa umsebenzi wabo wangaphakathi.

Ngenxa yokwanda kwezinto ezinobuthi emkhathini noma emanzini, kunezimo zokufa kwesisindo se-scum lichens. Amacala okuqala anjalo aqala ukufika eduze kwemizi emikhulu yezimboni, lapho kwenziwa khona ukukhiqizwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokungcoliswa komoya. Lezi zimo zibonise ngokucacile isidingo sokuhlunga ukukhishwa emoyeni ngezinto eziyingozi. Namhlanje ama-lichen akhula futhi ensimini yamadolobha amakhulu ngenxa yokunakekelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yomoya.

Kunezikhombandlela ezimbili zokutadisha isimo sezulu ngokusho kommeli wabamele lezi zinhlobo: esebenzayo futhi engenzi lutho. Njengoba iziphetho ezingapheli zithathwa mayelana nesimo semvelo lapha futhi manje, ukusebenza kuveza ukutadisha isikhathi eside uhlobo oluthile lwe-lichen, okwenza kube lula ukuthola isithombe esinembile.