Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. Intuthuko Zoology

Abantu wayenesithakazelo ezungezile eziphilayo endulo. Hlola usizo lwabo isayensi ezifana wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. Indlela owasungula futhi yini komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane manje?

ulwazi lasendulo

Emlandweni wesayensi, "kwezilwane" elisuka ezikhathini zasendulo. Kakade BC, abantu bakwazi buthelela ulwazi olwanele mayelana ne-izilwane indima Ungadlala, indlela okuhlelwa futhi oxhumene. Kusukela isayensi ungathola imisebenzi ka-Aristotle, isazi sefilosofi lasendulo ngesiGreki kanye nososayensi. Wabhala imisebenzi "On the izingxenye izilwane 'kanye neminye imisebenzi ku-umlando futhi ukuvela eziphilayo, ayeluchaze 452 zilwane. Yena ungumnikazi futhi ezitholakele eziphawuleka mayelana nesakhiwo yezinto eziphilayo. Omunye usosayensi esivelele kwakuyi Pliniy Starshy, owadala enomthamo omningi "Natural History". Kule ncwadi uniké incazelo zonke ezaziwayo ngesikhathi izilwane esintwini. Kwakuwusuku indatshana engcono, elalilisha ngalesosikhathi ukwazi ukusebenzisa isayensi wesayensi yezilwane.

Ephakathi futhi Renaissance

Ezikhathini amakhosi asendulo, iYurophu yayingeke wahlukana kakhulu, futhi phezu umphakathi ubuswa inkolo, okuyinto sebehlushwa ukuthuthukiswa yimuphi isayensi. Ngakho-ke, umlando emfushane ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi Lichaza le nkathi ngokuthi isikhashana yokujama tsi ngokuphelele. Ayikho izinto ezintsha kanye nemisebenzi ebalulekile ebhaliwe, kwakungekho cwaningo isilwane cishe noyedwa. Isimo lishintshe kakhulu ngesikhathi Yempucuko. Uhlu izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa emayelana nezilwane, ingasaphathwa isikhathi lapho abahambi abadumile, ezifana Magellan, uColumbus Marco Polo, baye bavumela ososayensi yokucebisa kakhulu ngolwazi, ngokuletha ulwazi mayelana izidalwa basemazwekazini elikude, ezazingaziwa ukuthi abaMhlophe. Revival kwakuyinkathi ekuqongeleleni ulwazi, okuyinto edingekayo systematization olwengeziwe.

isikhathi izimbali

Isikhathi esilandelayo, okuyinto wazibonela isayensi kwezilwane kwaba nesikhathi zamagama yolwazi iyatholakala ku nezilwane izingxenye ezahlukene iplanethi. I evelele kunazo kulokhu kwaba usosayensi Swiss Hesperus, owabhala olunzulu-encyclopedia "Umlando Izilwane".

Ekhulwini lesikhombisa, ke yasungulwa ngesibonakhulu. Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukiswa kwezilwane amanothi leli phuzu njengenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola umhlaba ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo ezincane, kanye ukufunda isakhiwo esihle kunazo zonke izidumbu ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Kulesi ensimini ngokukhethekile ivelele Dutch semvelo Leeuwenhoek, owadala omningi ezine "I izimfihlo zendalo wathola ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu." Nguye wathola ukhona ciliates, wafunda abomvu egazi kanye muscle izicubu sesilwane. Esinye isazi sina walabo izikhathi kwaba Malyshgi isiNtaliyane, wachaza isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ka-capillary kanye yezilwane ezinomgogodla, lotifundze ngokuphelele izitho excretory, futhi ihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuvela izimboni ezintsha

Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi luyobe lungaphelele ngaphandle kwencazelo kwesikhathi, kwaba iphuzu ukuqala ngoba amagatsha eziningi zanamuhla yesayensi. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini nesishiyagalombili kwakukhona izihloko ezifana systematics kwezilwane ne-paleontology ukuthi study namaminerali. An ukuthuthukiswa Amazing kwenzeka emkhakheni izitho zomzimba, lapho umsebenzi lososayensi Servet Harvey, wachaza ngokuningiliziwe isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Cuvier wazakhela abalulekile ukuhlanganisa isimiso, echaza uxhumano kwezitho zangaphakathi kanye nemiphumela omunye wabo esimeningcondvo bonke abanye. Imisebenzi yakhe ebalulekile zihlanganisa "Animal Kingdom" futhi "Iconography we kwezilwane." Lesi sakamuva kuhlanganisiwe amatafula 450 futhi 6.200 imidwebo, ezisetshenziswa izincwadi zezemfundo, ngisho kwamanje. Enye incwadi ebaluleke - "Inkulumo ku kuphazamiseka phezu wonke , futhi ushintsho lapho oFakazi baye banyathelisa." Lo msebenzi aliveza imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukusatshalaliswa zamathambo kule izingqimba planethi.

Darwin Okutholakele

Isikhathi esilandelayo, okubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa emfushane emayelana nezilwane isifundo esiphathelene imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokunye ukwamukelwa yayo njengoba ngesisekelo zonke isayensi. Abantu abanentshisekelo imiqondo zavela kancane kancane yasendle ezisukela amafomu ezilula izidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuthuthukiswa lo mbono ziye zaba nomthelela hhayi kuphela ekutholakaleni Darwin, kodwa futhi ukusebenza futhi Shvapna Shleydepa, okwakunginika ukubukwa ubunye yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Omunye usosayensi oluvelele baba Lamarck. Wakha taxonomy ehlongozwayo ngu Onomusa, futhi ngokucophelela watadisha ezweni ezingenamgogodla. Sebenza "Philosophy emayelana nezilwane", eyakhululwa ngo-1809, waba omunye ebaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe - e usosayensi wakhe waphika ukubukwa elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo ukuthi izilwane sihlale okufanayo, futhi ubuqotho ebekwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lapho izinto eziphilayo bayaguquka bedle bangaphandle izinqubo zangaphakathi. Timiriazev ibhekwa lo mbono njengoba omunye kunazo oluphelele, ngakho ungakwazi kalula ukwenza uhlu lezinkathi ezibalulekile ezakha izigaba eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi yezilwane.

Isikhathi yesimanje

It iphetha umlando omfushane ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi amabili leminyaka lamashumi amabili nanye. Lesi sikhathi, ukuvela entsha nodaba ubuchwepheshe, okutholakele global futhi igatsha oqinile isayensi. Ukuthuthukiswa emayelana nezilwane zihlobene ngokuqondile ukukhula kwezolimo kanye nemfuyo, ukuzingela kanye nezinye izindawo ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela isithakazelo kwempilo yabantu. Okwamanje, abantu a omningi ulwazi oluyiqiniso futhi theory. Le nqubo ibizwa okwengeziwe thola idatha ngokwakha kahle etshalwe mikhankaso ukuthi ithunyelwa ezindaweni eziqhele kakhulu zezwe. Ayikho ezingabalulekile kangako angumsebenzi ezingeni ezinto zofuzo, kanye umsebenzi wokutadisha emhlabeni isilwane kusukela ezempilo nokuphepha imigomo kwemvelo. ukuphuza inkinga ukudla inyama, ucwaningo nge cloning futhi ukuguqulwa imicu DNA, kanye zokuzalela zinhlobo wezolimo eziholela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, ososayensi bakhathazekile kwasekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, esinye isenzakalo nemibono kudingeke ukuba uxhume ngayo lezi zimpikiswano, okuyinto nakanjani ngeke ulahlekelwe ukuhambisana nomphakathi ngokwesayensi futhi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo.