Non-ulwelwesi organelles amaseli: izinhlobo, ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi

Animal amaseli, izitshalo kanye isikhunta libe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-plasma ulwelwesi, i-nucleus futhi cytoplasm. Ama-bacterium zihluke kubo ngoba akanayo i-nucleus, kodwa futhi inemithwalo ulwelwesi kanye cytoplasm.

Kanjani cytoplasm?

Lokhu kuyingxenye sangaphakathi iseli okungaba hyaloplasm ovelele (medium liquid), futhi organelles (organelle). Inclusions - ukwakheka non-njalo esitokisini, ngokuyisisekelo amele amaconsi noma zinhlayiya esikhundleni izakhamzimba. Organelles - isakhiwo sangempela. Njengoba main amayunithi somzimba obusebenzayo kukhona izidumbu, ngakho yezinyoni yonke imisebenzi emikhulu yenziwa organelles.

Ulwelwesi kanye non-ulwelwesi organelles kwamaseli

Eyokuqala ihlukaniswe odnomembrannye futhi dvumembrannye. Kuphela ezimbili zokugcina - kungcono mitochondria futhi chloroplast. Ngu odnomembrannym zihlanganisa lysosomes, Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic (endoplasmic reticulum), vacuoles. Mayelana organelles non-ulwelwesi, sizobe ukukhuluma kabanzi kulesi sihloko.

Non-ulwelwesi organelles isakhiwo cell

Lezi zihlanganisa ribosomes, isikhungo cell kanye cytoskeleton kwakhiwa microtubules futhi microfilaments. Futhi kuleli qembu ingathiwa organelles ukunyakaza emimoya eziphilayo owumphumela, kanye wesilisa ocansini amaseli kwezilwane. Ake sibheke-oda organelles non-ulwelwesi of amaseli, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo.

Uyini ribosome?

Lokhu-non-ulwelwesi organelles amaseli, okuyinto aqukethe ribonucleoproteins. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili (subunits). Omunye wabo nesincane - big. Ngezinye esephumule, ayephinda buhlukile. Basuke exhunywe lapho ribosome iqala ukusebenza.

Hlangana organelles non-ulwelwesi amaseli I-amaprotheni zamagama. Okungukuthi, ngenqubo translation - ngokujoyina amino acid esikuziphathimandla polypeptide ngendlela ethile, imininingwane okuyinto ukukopishwa DNA mRNA futhi iqoshwe.

Usayizi ribosomes kuyinto nanometer amabili. Isibalo sazo organelles ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana kungase afinyelela eziningana amashumi ezinkulungwane izicucu.

Ngo eukaryotes, ribosomes ku hyaloplasm, futhi phezu kobuso emangelengele reticulum endoplasmic. Futhi ekhona dvumembrannyh organelles: i-mitochondria futhi chloroplast.

cytocentrum

Lokhu organelle yakhiwa centrosome, okuyinto lizungezwe tsentrosferoy. Centrosome kuhlanganisa centrioles ezimbili - bengelutho ngaphakathi uMbhalo sakhiwa microtubules. Tsentrosfera siqukethe esukela isikhungo radially microtubules yeselula. Futhi, yakhiwa sesigcilikisha Lesisemkhatsini microfibrils.

Cell isikhungo wenza imisebenzi efana ukwakheka lokuphotha mitotic. Uphinde maphakathi inhlangano microtubules.

Ngokuphathelene isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali lokhu organelle, ketshezi eziyisisekelo kuyinto tubulin amaprotheni.

Lokhu organelle itholakala maphakathi weJiyomethri esitokisini, ngakho uyala ukuba leli gama.

Microfilaments futhi microtubules

Esokuqala intambo wamaprotheni actin. ubukhulu wabo 6 NM.

I ububanzi 24 nanometer microtubules. ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo zakhelwe wamaprotheni tubulin.

Laba bantu ababengewona ama-ulwelwesi cell organelles yakha cytoskeleton, esiza silondoloze ukuma njalo.

Omunye umsebenzi microtubule - ezokuthutha, ngoba Ungahambisa organelles futhi izinto kuseli.

organelles ukunyakaza

Ziyakwazi ezimbili zama: cilia futhi flagella.

Eyokuqala ukuba eziphilayo owumphumela ezifana ciliates izicathulo.

Flagella babe Chlamydomonas, kanye nesidoda isilwane.

Movement of organelles aqukethe contractile amaprotheni.

isiphetho

Njengoba isiphetho ifingqa.

Ngakho sabuka zonke organelles non-ulwelwesi phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta namagciwane, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti wabo.