Uyini izinhlamvu, futhi lokho kusho ukuthini?

Yiziphi izinhlamvu? Lapho isetshenziswa basuke, futhi kanjani ukuqonda kubo? Kungenzeka yini ukuchaza izimpawu ezinjalo ngandlela-thile nokuhumushela olimini ngolimi olulula thina humusha abuye wokufunda? Yiqiniso, unga. Phakathi kwamagama ezikhona njengoba lasendulo, okuyinto ayisasetshenziswa, kanye nosuku, okuyinto zenzeka ayeyibhalela sebuningini amasiko Asian. Eyokuqala, yebo, kunzima ukuwuqonda, kanti isixuku esikhulu angadluliselwa usebenzisa "google". Ngoba wonke umuntu, kwaba sobala ukuthi yini ukuthi liyini nokuthi ibadla, thina aningilize ngalokho izinhlamvu abazaba nokuthi okumela iqembu.

Inchazelo

Esikhathini umqondo ezivamile umlingisi - iyunithi ngokubhala, okuyinto esetshenziswa abanye abantu. Kungasho noma umuntu umsindo, ubiza leli qoqo lezinhlamvu noma incwadi noma lonke izwi. Ngezinye izikhathi izinhlamvu ungasithumelela wonke umusho noma isisho esithile. Igama elithi elisuka ngesiGreki yena. Leli gama izinhlamvu Oriental ebhaliwe wanika isazi Kliment Aleksandriysky, owayehlangene sokuqonda nemibhalo enjengo futhi esephetha lo mqondo jikelele ukuthi izinhlamvu enjalo. Incazelo, okuyinto wahola, eyakhiwa magama amabili: "ieros", okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka lesiGreki lisho "ezingcwele" futhi "umdwetshana", okuyinto ngokulandelana, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "usike". Wanikeza lemibhalo ukubaluleka engcwele, futhi ngenxa yalokho wababiza ngokuthi "engcwele waqopha incwadi".

Lapho ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana izinhlamvu

Manje, ukuze baqonde lokho abantu okukhulunywa ngabo, nje sibheke nokuloba Ekude. Nokho, ezinsukwini ubudala, ezimbalwa izakhamuzi zezwe lasendulo eyingoduso ekutadisheni amasiko abantu nezilimi zabo. Ngenxa yokuthi le nkulumo livame ukusetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwa kukho ieratike - lokubhala baseGibhithe lasendulo. kule ematheksthi elulwimi eloba in Antiquity futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi, futhi ngisho nanamuhla, abaningi babo kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo-mlando. izinhlamvu Modern efanayo sihlangana ngolimi lwesiShayina nazo zonke amagatsha alo (Korean futhi Tangut), kanye zonke izinhlobo lokubhala Japanese zezigodi.

Ieratika kanye nezici zayo

hieroglyphs basendulo baseGibithe wabonakala kanye ukuzalwa lwamakhosi lokuqala oFaro. Sona kanye isimo ulimi lasendulo abaseGibithe amafonethiki yabo inokuthile enibaziyo imixhantela zamaSemite, kodwa ngendlela efanayo-ke kufana Cushitic namaBerber-waseLibya amagatsha namalimi wemiphakathi. Kuyo yonke ukuba khona lokubhala baseGibhithe lasendulo kuphela wasebenzisa izinhlamvu. Ngaphambili, bahlabeka kuphela amatshe, ezindongeni nokuhlobisa amathempeli izindlu. Kamuva, ukubhala imithetho, namanye amadokhumenti futhi izincwadi ezilula yasetshenziselwa-papyrus. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ezingaphezu kuka irekhodi ubudala, kuba lula ukuze ususe okufakwe kwindawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amarekhodi endala kwabaseGibhithe zadalwa sibonga isithombe, okuyinto ncamashi ukuboniswa izinto noma izenzo. Kamuva baqala ingasetshenziswa izinhlamvu ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana, abenza sokuqonda ososayensi kokubili European nase-Asia. Owathola main kulo mkhakha ubhekwa waseFrance Shapmolon. Kodwa eqinisweni, umnikelo athé xaxa sokuqonda izincwadi zasendulo baseGibhithe wenza Vahshiyya Persian Ibn al-alamu, okuyinto zahunyushelwa emakhulwini Arabhu iziphonso futhi imibhalo kahulumeni.

ngokubhala Japanese

Yolimi lwanamuhla wezwe YeJapan yakhiwe ngokwengxenye izilimi zezigodi, elalikade babengenalo base zolimi nemisebenzi yazo, futhi ngokwengxenye lokubhala Chinese. Ngenxa izinhlamvu Japanese kanye nencazelo yabo ngokuvamile ezisukunyiswe silulumagama Chinese, kodwa ukuthola ukufana kungaba nzima kakhulu kwezinye izimo. Ngakho, ulimi Japanese ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu: Kanji - kuyinto Kanji, owafika lapha abavela eChina, hiragana and katakana - bomdabu alfabhethi Japanese.

kanji

izinhlamvu ze-Chinese ngekubhala lasetshenziswa ukuze kubhekiselwe endaweni emabito ezithile, tiphawulo ngoba izisekelo, kanye ukubhala amagama abo. Inani nohlobo ukufunda kanji uxhomeke endleleni lapho wafika Japan. Njengomthetho, namanje kuncike endaweni yalo emshweni ngomongo. Ukuze izinhlamvu eziningi ezibhaliwe kukhona ezingaphezu kweziyisishiyagalombili nokuba eziyishumi izinhlobo ukufunda. Funda yena, ungasebenzisa omunye izinhlelo ezimbili. Omunye libizwa onemi, futhi empeleni yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi umlingisi ufundwa isitayela Chinese. Eyesibili libizwa kunemi - Zulu ngokuhambisana imithetho ulimi lwendabuko isi-Japanese.

hiragana

Native izinhlamvu Japanese nokubaluleka kwayo idluliselwa nge Hiragana zamagama. Iqukethe ikakhulukazi onkamisa ngaphandle eyodwa ungwaqa - «h». Lezizibonakaliso ebhaliwe esetshenziswa ukuguqula emabito netichasiso lathathwa kanji. Nge hiragana kuchasiselwe netijobelelo Ukuvalwa. Isikhathi esining impela, izinhlamvu zamagama yemisindo lulwimi lolukhulunywako kanye zenzeka ukuxhumana we-Japanese. Hiragana futhi insindiso labo abangamazi kanji. Kuyo kukhona omqondofana eziningi ezingase chaza inshokutsi yetinhlobo ezingajwayelekile kwabanye abantu morpheme lathathwa ngolimi lwesiShayina.

katakana

Lokhu bomdabu zamagama yesibili Japanese liyasetshenziswa njengenhlangano asizayo. Nokho, lokho akusho ziphazamise kanji, hiragana, ngokungafani. Uma ungazi ukuthi yini kanji in Japanese lathathwa abanye Asian (ngaphandle-Chinese) izilimi, ungayisebenzisa ukuze uthumele omunye semantic lwezimpawu okuqondene katakana zamagama. Phawula futhi ukuthi izimpawu ebhaliwe zamagama asetshenziswa kuphela njengoba mfana, futhi ayiyona ezivamile inkulumo kuka hiragana.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ngokuba yilowo nalowo umqondo European lokho izinhlamvu njengoba zisuke ufunde nendlela ukubaqonda kunzima kakhulu. Nokho, phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, othile Charles K. Bliss Uzame ukwakha esihlanganisiwe lonke izwe hieroglyphic ngokubhala uhlelo kanye nolimi, ukuze abantu kusuka, bathi, France bakwazi ukukhulumisana ngokukhululekile nabantu Chinese. Nokho, imizamo yakhe ayizange iphumelele. Kodwa eJapane, kukhona uhlobo oluthile ulimi ebizwe Romaji. Lona umbhalo ogciniwe zamagama esebenzisa izinhlamvu zamagama Latin, ngokushesha ivumela ukuba ufunde uhlamvu asho kahle.