Ungqimba ezibunjiwe, engaphansi uqweqwe eMhlabeni. isakhiwo eMhlabeni. I-Mysteries of iplanethi enguMhlaba

In amazwi Ilya Druzhinin, Earth - planethi, lapho kugcwele abakhileyo engavamile: Kubantu nasezilwaneni, futhi izidalwa ahlukahlukene. Beautiful wonke umhlaba, enhle amazwekazi elikhanyayo. Nature akwenzele okuthile ngendlela emangalisayo futhi imilingo ngenxa yokuphila ngamunye kithi. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuba silondoloze nezemvelo evikelwe kuko konke ukuhlupheka.

Amazing njalo ngendlela engaqondakali

Umhlaba, mhlawumbe, namanje mkhulu kakhulu futhi imfihlakalo ezingaxazululeki kithi sonke. Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi eMhlabeni namanje, e Naphezu kwentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe uhlala inqubo kuyinkinga. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaningi amaqiniso umhlaba namuhla aziwa, kuba yingxenye encane kuphela ukuthi bafunde esintwini. Namuhla sizoxoxa ngalokho yenza iplanethi yethu, futhi ezinye izimfihlakalo zayo asikalitholi namanje esiphethweni. Namuhla sithola ukuthi iyona mass ezibunjiwe, engaphansi uqweqwe eMhlabeni, okuyindawo Izendlalelo Leplanethi, futhi ngikuphi okurarako efihla kithi.

Yiziphi zamatshe uMhlaba?

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi bazi ukuthi Earth siqukethe izingqimba ezinkulu ezintathu - uqweqwe, isiphuku futhi core. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-bhiliyoni 4.6 edlule, babhekane nezinga elikhulu yangaphakathi waqala okuyinto kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Ngesikhathi lapho nihlukana kuqedile, i-Earth wethu ube abandayo, kwesidumbu.

3 izingxenye eziyinhloko

ungqimba lomhlaba. I thinnest ungqimba lomhlaba, ukushuba zazo ziyahlukahluka kusuka km 5 kuya 75. Lesi sendlalelo ziyaqothuka, zondile futhi kanzima, okubandakanya izakhi mayelana 90. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ukuhlukanisa uqweqwe yezwekazi futhi wasolwandle, ezingafani ukujiya kanye nokusungulwa. I uqweqwe libhekisela lithosphere.

Nesiphuku. Kuhlukanisa kusukela uqweqwe eMhlabeni okuthiwa Moho (noma Moho), okuyinto libhekene waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ngesikhathi ukujula ezithile. Lower isiphuku izingqimba ukumboza umhlaba ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Kuthatha 83% iplanethi futhi iseduze ukubunjwa ukuba emkhathini omahhadla.

Okwamanje, isiphuku sehlukaniswe yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Ingxenye ungqimba layo elingenhla, ungqimba oncibilikisiwe ngaphansi uqweqwe kuyinto 80 km, esebenzisa lapho ukudla okuqinile kuwele maphakathi iplanethi. Yonke ungqimba engenhla isiphuku kuyinto 600 km, kanye phansi elele core yomhlaba - 2,900 km. I ajulile kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa, ayanda izinga lokushisa yayo futhi ingcindezi.

Umnyombo kwangaphakathi somhlaba abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye wonke kabani ubukhulu imayelana 3500 km. lokushisa yayo ifinyelela 4000 degrees.

Amandla core yangaphandle ingaphezu kwe-kwangaphakathi. Umnyombo ongaphandle siyisifiso ezibunjiwe, kuyilapho ingaphakathi yakhiwa ukudla okuqinile, njengoba kwakucatshangwa phambilini, ososayensi kanye namanje ukubhala izincwadi. Yilokho ingxenye enzima nucleus yakha amandla kazibuthe iplanethi futhi ivikela iplanethi kusuka imisebe cosmic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, siyazi mayelana nucleus azinakwa - thina bayaqagela kanye Ukuqagela.

Asthenosphere - kuyini?

Asthenosphere wembozwe, etholakala ngaphansi lithosphere, ukwakha koqweqwe. Uma lithosphere ubizwa ngokuthi ungqimba kanzima ngayo le planethi, le asthenosphere - mass ezibunjiwe, engaphansi uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Plastic nokuncane obukhulu, uyakwazi ukuze bawele umngcele Moho. Kuyinto umthombo kwezintaba-mlilo, ethula ekhukhwini magma e ungqimba lomhlaba noma ukuthelwa ungene ebusweni iplanethi. lokushisa salo 1200 degrees.

Izintaba-mlilo - umthombo ukufa

Izintaba-mlilo ehlakazekile yonkana cishe embulungeni yonke. Lapho kuqhuma emiphumeleni yayo ebulalayo phezu imvelo has a magma wentaba-mlilo (kusukela lesiGreki "kodaka"). Lokhu mass ezibunjiwe, engaphansi ungqimba lomhlaba, noma ngokuqondile kulo. Rising kwamanzi magma osemanzi, kuphenduke rocks igneous.

Kuyini magma?

Ngokuvamile, magma has a imvelo silicate futhi wonke etafuleni ngezikhathi ngezithako zawo, kodwa zenzeka ngokwemvelo futhi ane-alikhali carbonate noma sulfide Udambisa, okuyinto zingafani umthunzi nesivinini okusezingeni eliphezulu ezinyakazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Afrika intabamlilo Ol Doinyo Lengai has black lava, abandayo kubhekwa kakhulu emhlabeni.

Magma aphuthelwe amathangi komhlaba uqweqwe ngenxa ukunyakaza khona izingqimba zomhlaba. Ukugcwalisa lezi amathangi emhlabathini, ngeke bakwamukele kubo bese bekhishwa. ngokuvamile Lokhu kwenzeka ngemijikelezo, esiza ngezazi zesayensi ukuba zibikezele nesikhathi nokuqhuma entsha.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi egumbini magma iyancipha acacisa magma, bephonsa eyodwa. Kulesi izakhi ukuxegiselwa bayavuswa, nokuvusa "isivalo" ekamelweni komhlaba, okuyinto ahlahlele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kwezinye izimo, magma red-hot exutshwe nezinye izakhi, voltage futhi ephula ikhava ekamelweni ... umphumela ihlale ifana - ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.

Ungqimba ezibunjiwe, engaphansi uqweqwe eMhlabeni, ukuqhuma ibizwa ngokuthi udaka olushisayo. Eqinisweni, kungcono magma efanayo, kuphela bancishwa umoya-mpilo ngenxa ukukhululwa kwamanzi.

Leli zwe engaqondakali ...

Isintu njalo sibhekene izigameko ukuthi ukhiqize eziningi imibuzo, izimpendulo ezinembile esiphila hle ukwazi. Ngekukhula intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ibonakala esikwaziyo izwe lethu kwanele, kodwa eqinisweni asazi ngakho cishe lutho. amaplanethi Ngakho imfumbe ukuthi namanje ukukhathalela ososayensi ...

izinqubo Tectonic. Izazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba abasuke bengakakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuphendula umbuzo, uma uqale zomhlaba "motor" inqubo. Sekuyisikhathi eside izimpawu zokuqala yalo msebenzi kusulwe futhi ubuyisele imodeli engenakwenzeka. zircons ezingavamile kuphela atholakele ukhuluma ngani zilwane kuyiphi iplanethi yethu yayineminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi kwezigidigidi ezingu-4 edlule. By the way, ubudala bethu beqiniso Zomhlaba ubuye imfihlakalo, futhi nakuba ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uneminyaka engu engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 5, ihlala yodwa umbono ocatshangelwayo.

Izilwandle Zomhlaba. Mayelana 95% ekujuleni izilwandle ahlale nhlobo - ngisho nanamuhla abantu ukuthi bakuthole ezahlukene ulwandle izidalwa lwabakhafulela kusuka ekujuleni namagagasi olwandle. Abaningi yohlobo lwazo ezibhekwa yokuqothulwa, abanye abazi. Kodwa umbuzo uwukuthi, lapho wenza konke amanzi Emhlabeni uhlala umbuzo evulekile. Ngempela, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi iplanethi yokuqala kwaba ehlane edwaleni. Pho-70% iplanethi imbozwe amanzi?

Core. Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi i-nucleus siqukethe izinto ezinzima, mhlawumbe, nabensimbi, njengoba kule lithosphere waphawula ukungamthandi kwakhe. Ngokusobala, izinsimbi ezisindayo kakhulu uwa phansi, ososayensi bathi. Nokho, ngo-1950 yabe seyaziwa ukuthi umongo has a isisindo ongaphakeme. Kuyini esikhungweni planethi? Phakathi imishini, ungqimba lomhlaba e abantu Russian sibhekene izidalwa eziyinqaba okwavela ebusweni, "bukhoma" amatshe ezihambayo kanye nokuquma wafika evela ekujuleni. Isihogo Noma physics?

I-Mysteries of umhlaba iplanethi - nemvelo. Kuwo wonke amazwe, wonke amazwekazi, zikhona izenzakalo zemvelo okuyinto ekukhungathekisayo izingqondo ezinkulu kwezwe kuze kube manje. Ngakho, lapho Shaanxi Waterfall, okuyinto ayigongobali ngisho abafileyo ebusika esifundazweni saseHenan. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo njalo eminyakeni 25, ehlobo, ubuso bayo embozwe uqweqwe ice. ESigodini Ukufa e-United States amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka abantu ababukela ngokwakho amatshe namadwala ukuze kuvuleke yobukhulu ezinkulukazi ezihambayo. Akwazi uthwebule kuvidiyo eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

isiphetho

Lena akuyona yonke izimfihlakalo Umhlaba iplanethi, ukuze ihlanganise kubo kwelinye sihloko akunakwenzeka. Ososayensi sisalwa izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi. Ingabe sithola wake izimpendulo - alaziwa.