Ingqikithi sekukaningi Yonke Endaweni Yonke

Osmium namuhla kuchazwe nomongo olusindayo emhlabeni. elilodwa nje isentimitha intilibathwa ketshezi ukala 22,6 amagremu. It lavulwa ngo-1804 yi-wemithi British Smithson Tennant, by Ukuqedwa igolide e -aqua regia. Ngemva kokuthi ukuhlolwa chemical wahlala pellet. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ikakhulukazi osmium, kuba zingaxazululeki alkalis futhi acid.

I element olusindayo emhlabeni

Kuyinto bluish-white metallic powder. Emvelweni, atholakala ngendlela isotopes eziyisikhombisa, abayisithupha kubona izinze futhi omunye engazinzile. Ubuningi lithé ukuba likhudlwana kune Iridium, okuyinto has a kwabantu 22.4 amagremu ngamunye isentimitha cubic. Kusukela izinto ezitholwe usuku, indaba olusindayo emhlabeni - kuba osmium. It kungokwalabo iqembu ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi ezifana lanthanum, yttrium, scandium, nezinye lanthanides.

Okuningi eziyigugu kuka igolide namadayimane

Yathela encane kakhulu, angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi amakhilogremu yayo ngonyaka. Ngisho e umthombo enkulu osmium, Dzhezkazgan idiphozi iqukethe mayelana ezintathu eziyishumi kwezigidi ezingu nokwabelana. Inani lasemakethe of izinsimbi ezingavamile ibe yisikali wonke ukuba acishe abe yizinkulungwane 200 zamadola igremu elilodwa. Ubumsulwa esiphezulu wokuhlanza isici phakathi neminyaka ecishe ibe ayisikhombisa amaphesenti. Nakuba lawo amalabhorethri Russian wakwazi ukuthola ubumsulwa amaphesenti 90,4, kodwa inani metal akuyona ngaphezu angu ambalwa.

I kwabantu of ndaba ngaphandle Umhlaba iplanethi

Osmium ngokungangabazeki umholi we izakhi olusindayo kule planethi yethu. Kodwa uma siphendukela amehlo ethu ku isikhala ke siyinake kuzovula izinto eziningi ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho 'senkosi' yethu Izakhi ezisindayo.

Iqiniso lokuthi e yonke kunezinye izimo eziningana kuka Emhlabeni. Yesisindo inombolo isikhala izinto mkhulu kangaka ukuthi into Liyindawo ohlangene.

Uma sicabangela isakhiwo ye-athomu, sithola ukuthi ibanga interatomic emhlabeni, kukhona kuthi akufane nokwenzeka sibona isikhala. Lapho, izinkanyezi kanye nezinye izinto ezisemkhathini kukhona kude enkulu ngokwanele. Ngokuqondene nazo zonke ezinye kuthatha ngingenelisekile kahle ngaphakathi. Kuyinto lesi sakhiwo kukhona kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana adonsela phansi namandla lokhu ibanga encishisiwe ngokwanele kakhulu. Kuze "indentation" elilodwa kuyizinhlayiyana kwenye.

Neutron Star - the superdense esibhakabhakeni izinto

Ufuna okungalé koMhlaba zethu, siyazimisela ukuthi angathola yinto enzima kakhulu isikhala neutron izinkanyezi. Lena abakhileyo cosmic sasivumela esiyingqayizivele, omunye izinhlobo kungenzeka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo lezinkanyezi. I ububanzi bezinto ezinjalo 10 200 km, ngesikhathi mass elilingana ilanga lethu noma izikhathi 2-3 emikhulu.

Lokhu umzimba yangaphandle ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe core neutron esakhiwa neutrons uketshezi. Nakuba abanye ezizathwini of ososayensi kufanele kube esimweni okuqinile, ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa ayisekho namuhla. Nokho, siyazi ukuthi liyinkanyezi neutron, ukufinyelela lokwabiwa kabusha yayo kokucindezelwa, bese ziphenduka zibe supernovae nge Ukuvutha omkhulu wamandla, komyalelo wokungabi 10 ⁴³ -10 ⁴⁵ Joules.

I kwabantu of inkanyezi esinjalo ifaniswe, isibonelo, nge isisindo Mount Everest, ibekwe endaweni Ibhokisi likamentshisi. Kuyinto ezigidigidini amathani angu ngamamililitha aphindwe kathathu. Ngokwesibonelo, ziyacaca indlela enkulu kwabantu ketshezi, sithatha iplanethi yethu nge isisindo sayo 5.9 × 1024 kg futhi "ukuguqula" inkanyezi-neutron.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukuba inhlanganiso eMhlabeni kuyinto silingana kwabantu inkanyezi neutron, kufanele ibe ngu- ubukhulu apula abavamile, 7-10 amasentimitha ububanzi. Ubuningi izinto lezinkanyezi esiyingqayizivele kwandisa ne ukunyakaza maqondana nendawo.

Izinhla kanye kwabantu ketshezi

Olwelwesini nkanyezi amelwe ngesimo Magnetosphere. Ngqo ngaphansi kwabantu Udaba okwavunyelwana mayelana eyodwa tonne ngayinye isentimitha cube. Sikhishwe Lwati lwetfu Earth, okwamanje, it kungukuqiniseka olusindayo izinto itholiwe. Kodwa musa iziphetho ngokuphamazela. Siyaqhubeka esifundweni sethu izinkanyezi eziyingqayizivele. Babuye ngokuthi pulsars, ngenxa ijubane eliphezulu azungeza axis awo. Le nkomba izinto ezihlukahlukene ezisukela emashumini ambalwa emakhulwini lezikhathi yesibili.

Sizakuragela uqhubeke okwengeziwe ekutadisheni emizimbeni superdense yasezulwini. Khona-ke kulandela ungqimba esesikhundleni izici metal, kodwa cishe kuba efanayo isakhiwo nokuziphatha. Zinhlayiya mancane kakhulu kunalokhu esikubonayo e eheleni crystal kwendaba eliwumhlaba. Ukwakha ulayini zinhlayiya e 1 isentimitha, uzodinga babeka izakhi 10 bhiliyoni. I kwabantu kule ungqimba ezikhathini esigidini kunaleyo yangaphandle. Lokhu akulona yinto enzima kakhulu inkanyezi. Lokhu kulandelwa ungqimba neutrons eyisicebi konga ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyinkulungwane nkulu kunaleyo odlule.

Umnyombo inkanyezi neutron kanye kwabantu bayo

Ngezansi nengaphakathi kulapha lapho kwabantu iphezulu - izikhathi ezimbili ephakeme kunaleyo ungqimba overlying. Ingqikithi umzimba yasezulwini nucleus uqukethe zonke ezaziwayo aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana physics. Kuleli qophelo sesifike ekupheleni uhambo umnyombo izinkanyezi beyofuna ndaba olusindayo endaweni yonke.

Mission befuna kwabantu eziyingqayizivele into ekuyo yonke indawo kubonakala igcwaliswe. Kodwa isikhala ugcwele izimfihlakalo imihlola yokuzamazama, izinkanyezi, amaqiniso kanye nemithetho.

Izimbobo Black Yonke Endaweni Yonke

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi namuhla kuvuliwe vele. Lokhu ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu. Mhlawumbe letintfo ongaqondakali kungaba contender lokuthi lolu daba olusindayo wonke endaweni yonke - izingxenye zalo. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi yesisindo izimbobo black yakhe sinamandla kakhulu kangangokuba ukukhanya angikwazi ukubalekela kuwo. Ngaphansi ezizathwini of ososayensi, into ukudonselwa esifundeni isikhala-time, ivaliwe ukuze isikhala ishiywa phakathi izinhlayiya aphansi.

Ngeshwa, umkhathizwe umcimbi (umngcele okuthiwa, lapho ukukhanya, futhi iyiphi into ngaphansi adonsela phansi, abakwazi ukubalekela ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu) ulandele izibikezelo zethu nezinto ezicatshangwayo engaqondile esekelwe kwekhabhoni particulate notshwala.

Abanye ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi isikhala okuxubile kanye nesikhathi umkhathizwe mcimbi. Kukholakala ukuthi bangase 'edlula "kwenye indawo yonke. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuyiqiniso, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi le mikhawulo kuvula kwesinye isikhala nomkhiqizo imithetho emisha. Le ndawo lapho isikhathi ukushintsha "indawo" ezikhaleni. Indawo wekusasa esidlule kunqunywa elandelayo ukukhetha kuphela. Thanda esizikhethayo ukuya kwesokunxele noma kwesokudla.

Izindawo ezingaba kungenzeka ukuthi i-Universe lena kukhona impucuko ukuthi kahle isikhathi sokuhamba ngokusebenzisa ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu. Mhlawumbe abantu esikhathini esizayo iplanethi enguMhlaba ngeke ukuvula imfihlakalo enqamula isikhathi.