Komphakathi Anthropology kanye neminikelo yayo amaningi yesimanje

Isayensi ukutadisha umphakathi, uvame ukusekelwa kugcinwa besikhathi begodu Bakwethu. Ngakho, umcwaningi has Paradigm efanayo yesayensi, ezifana zokuziphatha kulungiselelwa, isiko kanye namanani, nokuthi into isifundo sakhe. Wayehlala umphakathi efanayo, futhi bamqala sengathi "kusuka ngaphakathi", "ukubukeka ngamagugu" ukuzihlalela imithetho kanye iziyisikhombisa ezithinta abantu (amalungu umphakathi).

Kodwa umsebenzi Liyindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi, uma kuziwa endabeni kwamanye amaqembu abantu abangekho kude ukuhlukana umcwaningi zamasiko. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-imiphakathi Indaba eyimpumelelo ye yesimanje AboMdabu base-Australia noma bakudala tribal isiko lasendulo kwamaGreki namaRoma. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho isisusa we ukuziphatha kwabantu medieval kubonakala kithi engaqondakali. Kulesi simo, a umuntu oyisazi yezenhlalakahle kufanele okwesikhashana "ukuhoxisa" emphakathini wabo, ukuba bafunde labo abaphilayo imithetho ehlukene ngokuphelele futhi imiqondo. Le ndlela kungenziwa ngokuthi "ukufunda kusukela isihlalo edeskini."

anthropology Komphakathi, okuyizinto abasunguli Mauss futhi Durkheim, ukutadisha imiphakathi engayodwa namasiko kamuva yahlukaniswa yaba izindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala lingachazwa ngokuthi "evolyutsionalizm positivist". abameleli Its main -. J. Fraser, E. Taylor noMnu Morgan. Bazithathela kusukela isikhundla ekukhuleni komphakathi kusuka aphansi kumafomu ephakeme. Ngenxa yalokho, 'abantu bakudala ", namanye amasiko babe baqinisile kuphela, isinyathelo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kube sekupheleni efile nokuthuthuka komuntu.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili-anthropology yezenhlalakahle uye wazakhela indlela bahluke - ". Kuya e Zoo" le antiscientism neo-Kantian kabani abalobi (R.Loui nabanye), indlela ababengaphambi Lokhu kuthambekela kwaba waqhubeka "ukuqonda", Interpretive (E. Evans-Pritchard, C. Geertz), "ezingokomfanekiso" (V Turner), "engqondweni yethu" Anthropology (S. Thaler, Meri Duglas). Ekuhloleni "nezinye" kusho umcwaningi amasiko kumele wenqabe "isibonelo" yomuntu yesimanje, kodwa ukugcina nokuhlonipha abantu ukuthi ukufunda. Iqiniso lokuthi e umphakathi akukho umqondo kwempahla ngasese, wokuziqambela futhi umsebenzi ayenzi amalungu alo mphakathi "nedolyudmi", abanye hominids noma "Martians". Qonda indoda yesikhathi esithile noma isiko - indlela eyinhloko lokhu kuthambekela.

anthropology Social njengoba isayensi emphakathini kanye nomthelela wakhona ngamunye ahlanganiswe kakhulu, sibonga umsebenzi Claude Levi-Strauss. Wasungula umuntu onakekela abanye kulolu ukuyala structuralism. Ukuthatha njengesisekelo sokunquma isikhathi "ukunquma", usosayensi ukuhlukanisa "isakhiwo" - ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane, isimo sethu sengqondo ezinye izinkolo kanye nezinye ezifana "kwezakhi". indlela Bezakhiwe emenza izifundo ubulili (Mead), futhi bavunyelwe ukuba uhlole futhi abanye "sub-isiko" emphakathini wethu owayephila ngesikhathi emadolobheni amakhulu (Goths, amapunk, hippie nabanye).

anthropology Social is ningayifuni ukufunda nemimitimba netindlela, kodwa indlela olwazini lwabantu ngezinga zonke spatiality nendlela umphakathi. Uma sisondela ngabanye, njengoba abanalo nhlobo lapho ebhala imithetho yakhe umphakathi, sizokwenza kanjalo ukumehlisa ke. Yomzabalazo waphakade nokuzwana yomuntu umphakathi kuzo nalezo aphila kuzo, ukutadisha izindlela ekusebenzelaneni kwabo - lawa izinto main yokufunda anthropology nomphakathi. Emphakathini wanamuhla akukho "abantu bakudala" kanye "Orange County", kodwa isiko ngalinye ufanelwe kwenhlonipho nokubekezelana.