Abahlanganyeli lwasolwandle esuka eScandinavia. Natives zaseScandinavia - abahlanganyeli lwasolwandle

inhlonhlo zaseScandinavia - endaweni enkulu enyakatho yeYurophu. It is Emlandweni waziwa ngokuthi lapho kwazalelwa amaViking. Kodwa eScandinavia liye laba yindawo lapho ukuya amatende abadumile abahambi nabahloli bamazwe omhlaba ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Ayengobani amaViking?

AmaViking - abambe iqhaza lwasolwandle esuka eScandinavia. ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kwaba amaViking eRussia ngokuthi amaViking, futhi eNtshonalanga Yurophu - the Normans. Ziyakwazi odumile emlandweni njengoba wabahloli anesibindi, ukuthi bangabavumbululi emazweni amaningi. On la efanayo uthi abanqobi njengomuntu ononya pirates. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amaViking Babegogodile abahwebi.

Izimbangela lwasolwandle

Marine squads amaViking abahambanga ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Eyokuqala - yokusesha indawo efanele ukuze kusebenziswe, okuyinto eNyakatho Yurophu akwanele. Kutfutfukiswa amasayithi entsha lapha ubulokhu uhlotshaniswa nge umsebenzi onzima wokuhlanza amatshe, ngisisiphule nezihlahla. Futhi-ke, bafuna ukuthola umhlaba esikahle futhi evundile.

Eyesibili isizathu - ukuhweba. AmaViking aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ngubani ihwebelana enyakatho futhi izizwe eningizimu. Hhayi lutho ukuthi kukhona indlela "kusukela amaViking amaGreki."

Futhi isizathu sesithathu - ngokuwina udumo nenkazimulo. It kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho amalungelo ababusi akhethwe - amakhosi. Ukuze ugcine amandla ezandleni zabo, kwakudingeka athole abavukuzi lucky, kungakhathaliseki ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba noma ulwandle ukuphanga. Kwakudingeka bathole indawo enhle ukuze Ukuthuthela abantu bayo futhi ukuze bazivikele ukuhlaselwa yibo bobabili bangaphandle kanye "nozakwethu" yabo.

Viking Ubudala

Umlando ukhumbula amagama amaViking abadumile zaseScandinavia. Lokhu Hastings, ngokuletha ngokwesabekayo eFrance nase-Italy, Rollo - iNkosana wokuqala yaseNormandy, nabanye.

Abangophakimpi Normans akazange okwesabisa ngisho isihloko noKarla Velikogo. Abahlanganyeli lwasolwandle esuka eScandinavia wabonakala njalo at the ogwini wase-France, kusukela eminyakeni 799. UKarl, owadala omkhulu Frankish Empire wayekhathazeke kakhulu mayelana Viking kuphangwa. izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa ogwini sathathwa kuma-oda wakhe. Kuzo zonke izimbobo ulwandle futhi ngezinye imilomo emifuleni imikhumbi bafakwa Cruisers ukuvimbela ukubonakala isitha. yokupaka Yakhelwe amakhotho wamasotja. Iza emathekwini amaningi aye wavinjwa ngamaketanga.

Ngemva kwalokho, ngemva imikhankaso elimazayo amaViking eYurophu, kwempahla Rouen nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi, kwatholakala ukuthi kulula ukuyeka izingxenye amaViking ogwini ngibenze abavikeli ezweni kuphangwa ulwandle. Lo mkhuba uye wazibonakalisa kusebenze kakhulu.

Ngo 966, iNkosi Norway UHarald-Bluetooth ebuKristwini. Ngemuva babhapathizwa kuye futhi amabutho akhe. Lokho amaViking amaKristu ashaqe kamuva amandla bobukhosi eNgilandi, phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi wazibonakalisa Svein Forkbeard. Futhi 1130 Normann Rozher II wayesehlala esihlalweni sobukhosi sombuso yeSisili. Nge isibusiso uPapa wakwazi ukuhlanganisa ubunikazi amaViking, etholakala eningizimu ye-Italy kanye Sicily.

Duke William - inzalo Rollo yaseNormandy - wahlulwa-Anglo-Saxon King uHarold II Battle of Hastings. Waba umbusi baseNgilandi eyaziwa ngokuthi uWilliam uMnqobi.

Lena yindlela kubahlanganyeli ulwandle mikhankaso kusukela eScandinavia kancane kancane wahlala ezweni ayenqotshiwe, bangena ebuhlotsheni nge izikhulu zendawo, baze bathola emandleni obukhosi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-11, i-abangophakimpi Viking izintaba cishe wanqamuka.

Viking Okutholakele

Kodwa Viking sikhathi kwaphawulwa nokwatholakala ezinkulu ngokwendawo. Ngokuyinhloko lokhu okutholakele Greenland kanye kumila isiphetho kuqala therein Eirik Ginger (Eirik Torvaldsonom). Badingiselwa yena nomkhaya wakhe basuke e-Norway, bese baphoqeleka ukuba babaleke Iceland ezisengozini Vendetta, waya e-Atlantic Ocean entshonalanga. Ngemva kokufika endaweni evulekile ye ogwini eyayisanda kutholakala kulesi siqhingi,-Erik the Red wasungula nemizana ezimbili. Le sayithi awunika igama "Green Land", kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Greenland sonke isiqhingi, naphezu esembozweni sawo ice.

Izifiki ukusungula izindlela zokuhwebelana ezweni. Kube eyenziwa uboya amabhere, izimpungushe, canines isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula , uwoyela whale, futhi kungokufanayo nangendoda - eGreenland ulahlekile ukhuni, okusanhlamvu, yensimbi izicubu.

Amadodana Erik - uLeif (owayaziwa 'Happy ") futhi Torvald - nakho kuvele eScandinavia, abahlanganyeli lwasolwandle. Amagama abo kuchasiselwe kokutholakala Melika emakhulwini amahlanu eminyaka ngaphambi Columbus.

Lapho uLeif wabuya baseNorway Greenland, yena obuswa njengomkhumbi lapho kunesivunguvungu. Ngokuphelele umkhumbi ashaywa wasondela ogwini, futhi amatilosi sabona amagquma embozwe amagilebhisi asendle, zasendle insimu kakolweni. Kwakuwusuku ngonyaka 999. Izwe ngokuthi naseVinland - ezweni amagilebhisi, ephakanyiswe sezulu babo obufudumele, amahlathi egcwele umdlalo nenhlabathi evundile.

Akumangalisi ukuthi ngemva kokubuyela Greenland, baxoxa mayelana amazwe ukubonwa. Igama mayelana entsha nezwe elivundileyo nesithakazelo Torfinn Karlsefni owaphana 1003 wathumela uhambo ukuze naseVinland. Izikhathi eziningana Esenze kokufika le Labrador, Newfoundland, ngemva kokuba umuntu ebusika bafika naseVinland. Lapha amaViking wahlangana izakhamuzi zendawo. umhlangano wabo wesibili zigcine ukushayisana. Ngo 1006 Karlsefni wabuyela Greenland.

Njengoba Melika kwatholakala amaViking, kodwa ke indlela naseVinland yashiywa dengwane. BaseYurophu wathatha inxenye iminyaka eyinkulungwane ukuze Columbus futhi ivulekile the New World.

"Ishayela amaViking"

Ngokusho iningi lezazi-mlando, ekuqaleni isimo Russian futhi abeke amaViking - amaViking. "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" usitshela ukuthi ukumisa abameleli ukuxabana lwesiSlavic nezizwana Finnish waya nokuhamba eScandinavia, lapho ebizwa Rurik lokubusa.

Kukholakala ukuthi Rurik wafika Russia nabafowabo - futhi Truvor Sineus. Kamuva eqala ukubusa kuphela, kuqala Staraya Ladoga ke eyasungulwa Novgorod. Waya kusukela Rurik lwamakhosi.

Abahlanganyeli lwasolwandle esuka eScandinavia ezikhathini zanamuhla

Viking umoya namanje uhlala izinhliziyo zabangenacala Scandinavians. Mhlawumbe, Ngakho-ke phakathi amagama abahambi enkulu eziningi kangaka Norwegian kanye IsiDanishi.

Uhlu angavulwa negama Fridtjof Nansen, isihambi abadumile polar. Waziwa kakhulu ngokuba izitezi Ukunqamula lokuqala Greenland kanye uhambo ukuze North Pole, okuyinto kushabalele.

URoald Amundsen - isihloli omkhulu polar, indoda eyathola eSouth Pole, kuqala evakashelwe kokubili izinti emhlabeni (kanye Adolf Oscar Oscar Wisting), wenze okungaphezu kokukodwa uhambo e-Arctic amanzi Antarctic.

Adume Thor Heyerdahl - ozokwenza okufaneleko ukuze amaViking ngomkhumbi ezweni izilwandle ngemikhumbi, abalingisa esebenzisa navigation lasendulo.

Carsten Borchgrevink, owayefundelwa Antarctica, abe ngumholi ngobusika bokuqala kuleli zwekazi ezineqhwa.

Phakathi amatilosi Russian futhi ukuthi inzalo ka-amaViking. Vitus Bering, ukubhukuda uhlukanisa Eurasia kusuka eNyakatho neMelika strait, kwaba ongowokuzalwa Denmark.

Lezi yizinto ezimbalwa nje amagama wabahloli - abantu abavela eScandinavia, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka amatilosi ezidumile abanqobi.