Isici oyinhloko indawo zokukhiqiza. indawo yezinto ukukhiqizwa: etafuleni

Ukuthunyelwa zokukhiqiza kubalulekile futhi kudinga ukuhlolisisa ngokucophelela. Iqiniso liwukuthi yilowo nalowo umkhakha kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi. Economist umsebenzi - ukuthola inzuzo kakhulu umsebenzi ukuthuthukiswa indawo ukukhiqizwa kwaba engabizi kakhulu.

Uyini Isici indawo ukukhiqizwa

Ukusatshalaliswa sendawo izimboni kunqunywa ithonya elihlangene izinto eziningi. okungu yabo ambalwa kanye qualitative zenzeka ezahlukeneyo ezahlukene ukubeka amabhizinisi ezimbonini. Lokhu orientation lwezendawo kuncike ukuphepha yezwe noma izifunda zalo ezingokwemvelo, nezisebenzi, izinto ezibonakalayo, ezingeni yentuthuko lwesayensi kanye nezobuchwepheshe kwezomnotho wendawo ingqalasizinda ekhona kanye nezici zomlando zensimu.

Kwezomnotho, kukhona ukutolika eziningana welithi "Isici indawo zokukhiqiza." Abanye ososayensi basesikhungweni izici ziyabonisa futhi izinsiza nemibandela kudingeka ukwenziwa uhlobo oluthile umkhiqizo, iqoqo okuyinto kuyahluka ezindaweni ezahlukene womhlaba. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinto zokukhiqiza zihlukaniswe imithombo yemvelo kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi (inhlokodolobha, kwamaZwe, ithonya lomphakathi, imisebenzi izinkampani ezinkulu).

amaphethini eziyisisekelo ukusatshalaliswa amabutho ithele

Indawo zokukhiqiza lwenzeka imithetho, okuyizinto umkhuba ukwambulwa e ibhizinisi ukuthunyelwa.

Lezi amaphethini ukuphakamisa:

• ukubekwa ngempumelelo ukuthi kuzoqinisekisa isebenze kahle kwezinsiza;
• ukuba khona buhlobene eduze indawo zokukhiqiza kanye nezinga emnothweni esifundeni;
• ukwencika inkampani ku lunye abasebenzi bendawo;
• nokuhlola Iwezentuthuko of ubudlelwano ezomnotho kulesi sifundazwe.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-izici ukukhiqizwa ukubekwa

Ufaka ibhizinisi kubalulekile ekulenzeni libe namandla. Kuyinto uhlobo inzuzo kwezomnotho, umphumela lapho kubonakala zokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza nokumaketha yayo.

It liyadingeka ukuze benze ukuhlaziywa eningiliziwe ulwazi izindleko ezisekelwe mayelana izici ezithinta indawo ukukhiqizwa ukukhetha inani elihle kunawo isitshalo indawo. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukubala izinkomba ezilandelayo:

1. Izindleko kwamanye amazwe nokuqasha noma ukuthenga umhlaba.
2. Izindleko ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi - imishini, izimoto, izakhiwo.
3. Izindleko izinto zokusetshenziswa.
4. Izindleko zomsebenzi.
5. Izindleko zokuthutha.
6. Izinga lenzalo yemali mboleko emalini ebolekwe.
7. Ukwehla kwentengo ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi.

Kulezi zinhlobo ku nokwabiwa izindleko zokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu kuthinte izindleko izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukusebenza, ezokuthutha kanye nophethiloli.

Ukwahlukaniswa izici

Kuye nemisebenzi eyenziwa izinto ezifana ukuhlukanisa indawo zokukhiqiza:

1. Zemvelo - degree of zokuphepha kwezinsiza esifundeni yemvelo; kwesimo sezulu endaweni, orographic, Geological nezinye izimo.
2. Socio-lokubala ubuningi babantu - ukutholakala yokusikwa isimo kwengqalasizinda.
3. Scientific and technical - ezingeni imishini yezobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe esifundeni.
4. Economic - ukuthuthukiswa inethiwekhi ezokuthutha, isikhundla ezindawo ka esifundeni, isikhathi ukwakhiwa, inani capital futhi umkhiqizo izindleko.
5. Isimiso - ikhono ukudala izimo ezikahle zokusebenza nemibandela bendawo, degree of ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla yemvelo ngaphandle umonakalo emvelweni ophilayo.

Njalo umkhakha has awayo izici ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, izici eziyinhloko e ukubekwa izimboni isiqoqi sama-softwe - lwesayensi futhi lobuchwepheshe isisekelo, nokubambisana, lunye nokutholakala zomsebenzi imithombo.

Ochwepheshe bacubungula ukusetshenziswa resource of zonke izindawo emnothweni futhi ukuhlola ngokuthi azimisele ngezinga elingakanani kuthinte eziyinhloko indawo zokukhiqiza. Ithebula sibonisa ukwencika bhizinisi elaliphambili kwezinsiza ahlukahlukene.

Isilinganiselwa isikali: 0 - awukho umphumela; 1 - awakuthinti; 2 - potency okusezingeni eliphezulu; 3 - isici kudlala indima juqu.

Ngu inani lamaphuzu kungabhekwa njengokuvikela ezahlukene imikhakha yezomnotho ehlaselwe izici efanayo indawo zokukhiqiza. Ithebula ubonisa ukwencika okunamandla umkhakha ukukhanya indawo umthengi, ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano umthombo kanye nophethiloli namandla izici kanye nobunjiniyela we engaba zabasebenzi yesifunda. Lapho ithuthukiswe lizwe, ayanda isabelo izimboni ukuthi bathambekele umthengi. Ngakho, sikwazi ukukhuluma lo mkhuba global okwandayo ithonya umthengi isici.

izici zemvelo

izici zemvelo ezinomthelela indawo ukukhiqizwa, lona athintiwe embhalweni kusaqalwa kwezimboni. Futhi kuphela ngenkathi revolution kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, lobu buhlobo siye saba buthaka kancane. Nokho-izimboni extractive, leli qembu buyaqhubeka eziyinhloko.

Amasimu amaningi namachibi kwemithombo yemvelo is cishe ezibhuqiwe, ngakho izinkampani zezimayini ziye lwaqala ukuya endaweni entsha ukuthuthukiswa, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi kunzima libhekene izimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uwoyela negesi olwandle nasemathekwini. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa nokuxhashazwa imali entsha kwemithombo yemvelo kudinga eningi capital investment ubhekene ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Isici Socio-lokubala ubuningi babantu endaweni zokukhiqiza

ukusimama lokubala ubuningi babantu zihlanganisa labantu, isimo kwengqalasizinda, ikhwalithi ukuhlaziywa kanye nenani lwabasebenzi.

zabasebenzi isici Kulinganiselwa ukusebenza izindleko isikhathi iyunithi imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngamunye. Ukuze uqhathanise, usebenzisa izibonisi inkokhelo futhi izindleko umkhiqizo osuphelile. Kunamaqembu ezintathu izindleko zokukhiqiza zabasebenzi:

• vysokotrudoemkie - zibiza bokusebenza komuntu emsebenzini wokukhiqiza ingxenye encane ukukhiqizwa (ukukhiqizwa TV kanye electronics, izindwangu, umshini amathuluzi);
• srednetrudoemkie - mayelana okufanayo kwezinye zabasebenzi (zamakhemikhali umkhakha ukukhanya);
• hhayi zabasebenzi - okungenani umsebenzi zabasebenzi okokufaka iyunithi okukhipha ngasinye (amandla umkhakha, yokusansimbi).

Scientific isici indawo ukukhiqizwa

Kulesi sikhathi samanje lapho inguqula-mbuso kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, lokhu yikona nomthelela iqembu ehlukile ngenxa usithonye elinamandla ukusatshalaliswa ukukhiqizwa. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ibhekisela izimboni zobuchwepheshe, okuyinto anesizotha bagxila emadolobheni amakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eFrance iningi nabasebenzi bocwaningo ukusebenza e-Paris, Japan - eTokyo. Amanye amazwe wadala yonke "emzini isayensi", onguchwepheshe izifundo ezahlukene.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, tinhlobo letinsha kwasendaweni sendawo isayensi - ubuchwepheshe amapaki kanye techno. Okokuqala, banamathela US (Silicon Valley), wathuthela eNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-Asia nakwamanye amazwe.

Technopark - Xhuma ucwaningo amafemu ukuthi kuphakama emhlabeni elikhulu laboratory, sikhungo noma inyuvesi. Injongo eyinhloko yale siqiwu ukunciphisa isikhathi ukusebenza nokusebenzisa imibono yesayensi.

Technopolis - wadala ngokukhethekile wezesayensi ukuthi ukwenza ngaphandle kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezintsha, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe futhi imboni ulwazi olunzulu. Technopolis kuyinto umsunguli Japan, kodwa ngokushesha umbono sesichithwa kwamanye amazwe.

Isici kwezomnotho indawo ukukhiqizwa

nezimo zezimakethe yamanje zidinga ukuba acabangele izici zezimali lapho ukhetha ibhizinisi kwasendaweni: nemibandela utshalomali kanye intela, ukutholakala izindawo zokukhiqiza kanye nengqalasizinda. Ngenxa izinzuzo ezingokwezimali ukuze emadolobheni amaningi futhi amazwe emhlabeni wonke ukuba kwaluqinisa iminotho yabo (eHong Kong, eSingapore, South Korea). Manje, lokhu yikona kunomphumela omuhle ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza ePoland, Hungary, i-Czech Republic.

Kukhona isici iqembu kwezomnotho okufakahlangana nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe esifundeni, ikhono ukuheha capital investment nangendawo yezwe, ezokuthutha uxhumano, ubudlelwano kwezomnotho kanye ezifundeni eziyinhloko kanye namazwe, umsebenzi ngamazwe. It kubhekwa isici oqavile kule indawo ukukhiqizwa traffic. Banikezwe izindleko zokuthutha, inkampani ivame ukuba umthombo izinto zokusetshenziswa noma umthengi. Uma izindleko fuel nezisetshenziswa angaphansi kuka izindleko imikhiqizo siphelile, ukukhiqizwa kungenziwa sise amabanga ezinkulu kusukela izinto zokusetshenziswa. Endabeni okuphambene, indawo yebhizinisi kufanele kukhethwe eduze nemithombo, ukunciphisa zokuthutha izindleko.

Environmental izici iqembu

Ngenxa ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi zomkhiqizo womhlaba wamabhizinisi ezingasho acabangele izici zendawo ezungezile ezithinta ukusatshalaliswa ukukhiqizwa. ukuthuthukiswa Rapid zobuchwepheshe, izinga lokukhula isizinda ngokuphelele kwezinsiza zemvelo ukuze ngezinga elikhulu anda umthwalo imvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwezinye izindawo, izinkinga zemvelo, okuyinto nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ezingenza abe inhlekelele yemvelo.

I izimboni ezingezinhle kakhulu zihlanganisa zamakhemikhali, usimende, yokusansimbi, amandla enuzi, nabanye. izinkampani Indawo kulezi izimboni kudinga indlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.