Shock-kwesimo endaweni izindiza T-4: Ukucaciswa, izincazelo, izithombe

Ngemva ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II engaba ngu-20, umyalo Soviet ukuba baqonde indlela ezinesihluku abangu bengahlonishwa abathwali American. Experience yokwakha wale mikhumbi ezweni lethu yayingekho, futhi ngakho-ke kwakudingeka bafune izimpendulo quin: missile yenuzi futhi izindiza uyakwazi breaking ngokusebenzisa emoyeni ukuzivikela amaqembu izindiza yenethiwekhi ngokubhujiswa alandelayo umkhumbi main. Omunye wemisebenzi yimpumelelo kakhulu kwaba izindiza T-4.

izimbangela

Ekupheleni kuka-50s, izwe lethu esimweni esibucayi: imikhumbi nezindiza, thina nakanjani elahlekile US, lapho phakathi nempi yashesha ijubane wabeka Cruisers esindayo futhi ekuhlaseleni. Silinganiso wakwazi ukugcina kuphela ngenxa yemizamo nobuqhawe missile. Kodwa lalikhona namanje okwethusayo, ngoba ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaMelika waqala ukusebenza missile lwabo oluhle ngemikhumbi yempi zenuzi, yamboza njengengxenye izindiza oda. Ngokuphumelelayo ukulwa asikwazanga amaqembu othwala izindiza, njengoba le umane azange abe imishini ezifanele.

Okuwukuphela nandlela ukubhubhisa iqembu izindiza yenethiwekhi kwaba ukuqalisa ezicitshwayo leSupersonic nge sezikhali zenuzi. Ekhona ngesikhathi izindiza nemikhumbi-ngwenya-USSR umane wayengakwazi ukuthola target buqamama, ingasaphathwa siyishaye.

Indlela ukuxazulula le nkinga?

Ukudalwa ngwenya ekhethekile isikhathi kwakungeyona elula, ngakho sanquma ukuba sisebenzise abaklami bezindiza. Babeka isilinganiso esifanele umsebenzi "lilihle": ukuthuthukisa iqoqo "indiza + rocket" ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ezikwazi ukuhlaba zingene emoyeni ukuzivikela izindiza yenethiwekhi iqembu American futhi abhubhise imikhumbi esiyingozi kakhulu.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-50-yalolucwaningo ezweni lethu kwakungekho iphrojekthi ukuthi ngabe bazongamukela lezi zidingo. Nokho, myasishchev kwadingeka M-56 indiza phrojekthi. Inzuzo yayo eyinhloko kwaba isivinini ongafinyelela 3000 km / h. Kodwa Take-off yakhe isisindo kwaba amathani 230, futhi ibhomu umthwalo - amathani 9 kuphela. Kwakunganele ukuba. Futhi kwakukhona webhomu indiza T4 Sukhoi Design Bureau kwaba ukuthatha niche singenamuntu.

"Ukwaluka"

"Izindiza yenethiwekhi killer 'futhi kwadingeka ukuba abe mass ngesikhathi yamukelwa-off amathani angu-100, i-" uphahla "indiza - hhayi ngaphansi kuka-24 amakhilomitha nesivinini - lawo 3000 km / h. izindiza okunjalo ku indlela elitsheni akunakwenzeka ngokwenyama ukuthola umthumele rocket. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho interceptors enamandla okubhubhisa umshini ezinjalo.

Flight ibanga "amakhulukhulu" kwadingeka ukuba okungenani eziyinkulungwane 6-8 amakhilomitha lapho ekupha kweminsalo - 600-800 amakhilomitha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwaba rocket kule eziyinkimbinkimbi baye predominated: it nje kuphela kwadingeka ukuze ifohle ukuzivikela, uya aphakeme isivinini kungenzeka, kodwa futhi ukuya target, kulandele ukunqotshwa yayo ngokuphelele ku-intanethi. Ngakho ukuthi indiza T4 - nangomcibisholo, ukugcwaliswa electronic okwakukhona sina bangaleso sikhathi.

abahlanganyeli ukuthuthukisa

UHulumeni unqume ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa indiza entsha abazohlanganyela Tupolev, Sukhoi futhi Yakovlev. Mikoyan awuzange afakwe ohlwini hhayi ngenxa ezinye uhlobo usongo, futhi ngenxa yokuthi bureau lakhe laqanjwa sigcwale amanzi ngokuphelele umsebenzi walilwela entsha MIG-25. Nakuba, uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kulindeleke ukuba bawine Tupolev nezinye CB zikhangwa kuphela ancintisane ukubonakala. Ukuthembela futhi esekelwe "iphrojekthi 135" ekhona, owawuthi kuphela ukwandisa kuze kube edingekayo Cruising ijubane 3000 km / h.

Naphezu okulindele, "bomlilo" ngesithakazelo futhi baqala umsebenzi non-core. Phambili ngokushesha waphula Sukhoi. Bakhetha isakhiwo "duck" nge air isibalo, ezisabalele kancane ngaphesheya umphetho waphambili iphiko. Ekuqaleni, iphrojekthi izindiza kwaba isisindo azithathe-off amathani 102, yingakho washaya i-isidlaliso elizibekela "ukweluka".

Phela, lo Ushintshe izindiza T4 "dvuhsotki" - kuyinto projekthi ehlongozwayo ngesikhathi esifanayo ne Tupolev Tu-160. Imisebenzi eminingi Sukhoi Tupolev babaziwa kanjalo ngaleso isetshenziselwe ukudala imoto yabo, thatha-off isisindo eyeqa amathani angu-200.

Lokho phrojekthi Sukhoi iwine mncintiswano. Ngemva kwalokho, umklami okwadingeka abhekane nezikhathi eziningi ezingajabulisi esibhekana nazo, njengoba isandla sakhe sokunene phezu zonke izinto ngenkani Tupolev. Wenqaba ukuthi akazange ukwengeza amanye abangane embonini izindiza, futhi kuleli qembu.

amandla plant

Abahlukile ngesikhathi indiza T-4 yafuna okungenani injini ehlukile ikwazi ku okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi nophethiloli. Tellingly, e Sukhoi kwaba ongakhetha ezintathu nje, kodwa ekugcineni sahlala RD36-41 imodeli. Ukuze ukusungula kwakhe akabangeli nje akwaziwa "Saturn". Qaphela ukuthi lokhu injini kwaba "isihlobo elikude" imodeli vd-7. Bona, ngokukhethekile, ifakwe ekuhlaseleni 3M.

Injini ngokushesha zihlukaniswa compressor yakhe ngu degrees 11, futhi khona emoyeni lwaluyophola lokuqala esigabeni ophephela izindwani. emisha kwakamuva zobuchwepheshe ukuvumele ukwandisa izinga lokushisa zokusebenza egumbini amandla omlilo ngokushesha 950k. Lokhu injini - okwamanje sidle, ikakhulukazi ngezindinganiso Soviet. Ngezinye indalo yayo kwasithatha iminyaka eyishumi nje, kodwa umphumela, angizisoli nakancane. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa le injini T4 - nangomcibisholo, ijubane okuyinto kungadluli ontanga yayo.

Yikuphi missile ukuthi bebehlome nale indiza?

Mhlawumbe, mhlawumbe ebaluleke kakhulu "Ngohlelo" kwaba rocket imodeli X-33, okuyinto unomthwalo sokuthuthukiswa edume "Raduga". Umsebenzi phambi Bureau eyayibekwe nomsebenzi empeleni on the esengozini ubuchwepheshe yesikhathi. Kwakudingekile ukwenza rocket ezizolandelwa autonomously umgomo ezingeni ukuphakama amakhilomitha ezingeqile kwezingama-30, futhi ijubane layo uma igijima yayingamakhulu ayisithupha kube kasikhombisa umsindo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-oda ngemva-yenethiwekhi ezisekelwe ngokwakho (!) Ingabe ukubala yenethiwekhi ikhanda futhi ukuhlasela kuye iphuzu yibona abasengozini enkulu. Uma sikubeka kalula, izindiza ukushaqeka-kwesimo endaweni T-4, okuyinto unesithombe esihlokweni eyenziwa abagibele rocket, okwabangela inhlekelele isigamu ngokuthi "amakhulu."

Ngisho abaklami wanamhlanje ngempela umsebenzi onzima. Nakuba izimfuneko bese ingabe ukubheka fabulous ngaphezulu. Ukuze enze le misebenzi, radar siqu, kanye nenamba enkulu electronics eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu iye kufakwe ukuklanywa rocket. I yinkimbinkimbi izinhlelo ebhodini X-33 neze kunabayeni kulabo kokuningi "eyodwa kumakhulukhulu".

Ukunqoba isayensi nobuchwepheshe

I samanje furore izindiza T-4 ukukhanya okukhiqizwayo sverhtehnologichny yayo gumbi. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni izindiza yasekhaya kwakukhona ngisho isibonisi ehlukile kokuhlaziywa esifike imvelo Tactical futhi lobuchwepheshe. Ngokuhamba amakhadi ngamafilimu amancane ngaphesheya komhlaba ukuboniswa isimo Tactical ngesikhathi sangempela.

Izinkinga ukuklama nokudala

Akumangalisi, lapho besanda umklamo eziyinkimbinkimbi umshini kokuba emakhulwini ezinjalo izinkinga, ngamunye okungase ajabhise ngisho academician. Okokuqala, odabuka chassis indiza akaphenduli-kuleli gumbi engangikulo kwangaphakathi. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, abeke phambili ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha, eziningi zazo okwakungeze ngokungagwegwesi kokudumazeka: ngokukhethekile, iphrojekthi ehlongozwayo ngisho "changeling", lapho indiza kwadingeka ukundiza kuze kube gumbi umgomo phansi.

Yiqiniso, le ndiza T-4 - Idelakufa Ukucaciswa okuyinto kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi babo ... kodwa hhayi ngezinga elifanayo!

Kodwa futhi izinqumo ezithathwe ke kakhulu wabheka ngempela kumnandi. Ngakho, ngesivinini 3000 km / h ngisho kancane projecting isibani cab ukumelana kakhulu anda. Khona-ke kwahlongozwa isixazululo esilula: I-hudula ubuncane ngesikhathi indiza gumbi siphakeme. Kusukela endaweni engamamitha angu-24 amakhilomitha ukuzulazula zibukeke namanje ngeke isebenze, lokuhamba obekumele ukuhola kuphela amathuluzi.

Lapho T-4 izindiza is lihlala ngemva gumbi is baphambukile phansi, ukuze livela umshayeli ukubonakala kakhulu. Okokuqala, wamabutho wathatha lo mbono abaqaphe kakhulu, kodwa igunya Vladimira Ilyushina, indodana ka-umdali shtkrmovika brilliant IL, nokho kusize ekuqinisekiseni ojenene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ilyushin waphikelela ekwenzeni ukuklanywa periscope: ke kuzosetshenziswa uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka mshini enyakazayo. By the way, isinqumo sakhe ukusebenzisa Abadali kamuva ezifuywayo Tu-144 futhi Anglo-French Concorde.

Ukudala fairing

Munye walemisebenti eyinselele kakhulu kwaba ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane fairing. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma udala abaklami kwadingeka enze amaphuzu amabili ezibonakala alizimele. Okokuqala, fairing kwakumelwe ube amaza omsakazo. Okwesibili, ukumelana imithwalo eliphezulu ngokwedlulele mechanical ezishisayo. , Fanele ukwakha impahla ekhethekile ngesisekelo the yamathebhu ingilazi, isakhiwo okuyinto ufana lezinyosi ukuxazulula le nkinga.

Ngenxa yalokhu izindiza ukushaqeka-kwesimo endaweni T-4 kufanele njenge "sikakhokho" ubuchwepheshe eziningi eziyingqayizivele ukuthi manje azisetshenziselwa wezempi, kodwa izimboni obunokuthula ngokuphelele.

Ngokushesha fairing - ukwakhiwa ungqimba emihlanu, nge 99% umthwalo wawela phezu bezinhlamvu yayo yangaphandle, okuyinto ukujiya kuyinto mm 1.5 kuphela. Ukuze sifinyelele onjalo zibalo ezihlaba umxhwele, ososayensi kwadingeka ukuthuthukisa ekwakhiweni esekelwe Silicon kanye organic compounds. Phakathi umsebenzi ososayensi kwadingeka ukuba ubuyekeze futhi ukuhlola Amathemba engaphezu kwengu-20 (!) Of Umumo kungenzeka nobukhulu izindiza esizayo, ukubikezela indiza ukusebenza kwabo. Futhi konke lokhu - ngaphandle program e-computer wanamuhla! umnikelo Ngakho grand abaklami siwathathe kancane nzima.

indiza sasekhaya

Ukuze fly indiza yokuqala T4 "ukweluka" wayekulungele entwasahlobo ka-1972, kodwa ngenxa Peat imililo emhlabeni ukubonakala eMoscow ku ukusuka kanye kokwehla yokuhlola ye airfields kwaba cishe zero. izindiza kwadingeka imisiwe. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-indiza sokuqala senzeka kuphela ekupheleni ehlobo ngawo lowo nyaka, ne okuzoqondiswa izindiza umshayeli uVladimir Ilyushin kanye itilosi Nicholas Alferov. Okokuqala ayisishiyagalolunye test izindiza zazenziwa. Qaphela ukuthi ezinhlanu zalezi pilot kwenziwa ngaphandle kokukhipha chassis: kwakubalulekile ukuhlola nokusingatha umshini omusha zonke izindlela ezisebenza.

Abashayeli ngokushesha itjheje lula eliphezulu ukulawula izindiza: ngisho umsindo isithiyo "ukweluka" owawuse ngokuphelele, ngisho nesikhathi kwathatha Supersonic wazizwa amadivayisi kuphela. Army abameleli, iqondise ukuhlolwa bajabula kakhulu lapho kuphuma umshini omusha, futhi ngokushesha ucele batch ukukhiqizwa izingcezu 250. Ukuze izindiza alesi sigaba Liyindawo nje kwegazi okusezingeni eliphezulu!

Uma zonke izinto zahamba kahle, singathanda ukwazi indiza T-4 (idelakufa, ogama izici zichazwe le nto) njengoba enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu ekilasini yayo.

amathemba Aircraft

Enye "gqamisa" walo mshini kwaba ephikweni ukucushwa onhlobonhlobo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungase kubhekwe njengendlela multi-purpose, indiza lalingabulawa kalula ingasetshenziswa njengendlela kwesimo endaweni esemkhathini. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka ukwehlisa izindleko izinhlelo wezempi uyoveza eyodwa kuphela indiza esikhundleni amabili.

Ukuphela ubuchwepheshe obusha

Ekuqaleni, "sifake" engabe wakha Tushino Aviation Plant, kodwa nje akazange ukudonsa edingekayo amavolumu ukukhiqizwa. Inkampani okuwukuphela okungase ukukhiqiza inani elidingekayo of izimoto ezintsha kwaba Kazan AZ. Ngesikhashana nje saphenduka umsebenzi wokwenza amalungiselelo for izitolo ezintsha. Kodwa lapha wangenela Inqubomgomo: Tupolev wayengenandaba esincintisana, ngakho izephula Dry "kwaphoqa" kusukela embonini, utholakale eshaywe waze washona ngo-iyimpande amathemba ukwakhiwa umshini omusha.

Yingakho namuhla siyazi ukuthi izindiza T-4 - Idelakufa, njengoba ayephethe ehlukile isikhathi libe nezici, kodwa hhayi ababehambe ngisho uchungechunge elincane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lwalumumethe esigabeni uvivinyo 'ensimini' wesibili. Ekupheleni Januwari 1974 kukhona indiza lapho izindiza wakwazi ukufinyelela ukuphakama 12 km kanye nesivinini M = 1,36. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ngalesi umshini esiteji, ekugcineni sifinyelela ukusheshisa M = 2.6.

Khonamanjalo dry baxoxisana ukuphathwa Tushino kwemboni, ngisho ukunikezela kabusha esitolo, nje ukuze bakwazi ukwakha "esingamahektare" kuqala 50. Kodwa iziphathimandla emelelwa Ministry of embonini zezindiza, it is kahle bajwayelane Tupolev, zibancishe ngisho we umklami ithuba. Kakade ngoMashi 1974, wonke umsebenzi on the izindiza wamavukelambuso kwase kuqediwe ngaphandle incazelo. Ngakho ukuthi T-4 - indiza (isithombe yakhe iphepha), elabhujiswa kuphela ngenxa yezizathu siqu abanye abantu Enkonzweni Defense futhi uhulumeni wase-USSR.

Ukufa Sukhoi, eyaqala ngo-September 15, 1975, akazange asilethe ukucaca le nkinga. Kuphela ngo-1976, i-Ministry of Aviation Imboni dryly okukhulunywa ukuthi umsebenzi "Sotka" samiswa kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi Tupolev kudingeka izisebenzi futhi umthamo ukukhiqizwa for kukhiqizwe Tu-160. Ngesikhathi esifanayo namanje T-4 baziswa ngokomthetho eyandulela we "White Swan", nakuba Tupolev umane ezimeleyo zonke izinto kwi "100 iphrojekthi", sibambe kokufa Sukhoi.

Tupolev abavikeli ukuchaza isimo sakhe ngenxa yokuthi umklami wafuna nokuqalisa "elula kakhudlwana futhi ezishibhile Tu-22M" ... Yebo, lokhu izindiza kwaba eshibhile ngempela, kuphela nokuqaliswa kwalo wathatha kweminyaka engaphezu kweyisikhombisa, futhi izici zayo, wayengumuntu kude kakhulu Idelakufa zamasu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kube seqophelweni kuze izinkinga eziningi ukuthembeka ziye ixazululwe, lokhu imodeli usephendukele yonke imijikelezo eziningi ukuguqulwa ukuthi kubuye ezingasehlela akuyona indlela engcono abathintekayo Kubiza yephrojekthi.

Mayelana Grand overruns amakhambi abantu njengoba kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi ka ezitolo Kazan zezindiza isitshalo nje ukusika futhi ziyalahlwa emgqonyeni kadoti imishini eyigugu kakhulu senzelwe nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi, "aluka."

Ukubaluleka "aluka"

Okwamanje, izindiza kuphela Sukhoi T-4 isendaweni okuphakade iboshiwe e Monino Museum zezindiza. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-1976, Sukhoi Design Bureau uthethe ithuba lokugcina ukuletha "bayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi" ku entanjeni, yamemezela inani ruble 1.3 billion. Uhulumeni wavusa umsindo Amazing okubangele ekuseni lokulibala izindiza. ephawuleka kakhulu Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Tu-160 ezazikade zibiza ama eSoviet Union kakhulu ngaphezulu ezibizayo. Ngakho ukuthi T-4 - indiza ukuthi kungaba inketho ekahle ngokuya ngenani kanye nezici.

Ngiphakathi ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union akazange abe inombolo enjalo ezisunguliwe zakamuva owawusekelwe imoto. Ngesikhathi sibonelo "uphikisana 100", kwakukhona ncamashi 600 ezisunguliwe zakamuva kanye namalungelo obunikazi. A impumelelo emkhakheni izindiza wawuvala izindlebe. Maye, kodwa kwaba catch: nge umsebenzi wayo, okungukuthi i-oda emoyeni ukuzivikela ukufohla izindiza yenethiwekhi, indiza T4 "ukweluka" ngesikhathi Indalo, asisakwazi ukumelana nalomsebenzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Tu-160 asifanele le njongo. Ngenxa yalesi missile ngwenya ukulingana ngcono kakhulu.

Kokumethemba futhi analogs

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke "White Swan", i-alias webhomu Tu-160. Lena webhomu lwethu lokugcina zamasu. Ubuningi Take-off isisindo - amathani 267, standard isivinini phansi - 850 km / h. "White Swan" Ingasheshisa-2000 km / h. ububanzi Maximum - kuze kufinyelele 14 000 km. Kule ndiza kungathatha kufika amathani 40 yezikhali ezicitshwayo kanye / noma amabhomu kuhlanganise "smart", ukubuyisela ngokusebenzisa izimiso zesiphuphutheki.

Ku-samuntu esivamile ibhomu amatheku eziyisithupha ezicitshwayo X-55 futhi X-55M. "White Swan" - indiza eqolo aseSoviet, kakhulu eqolo ngaphezu kwanoma T-4 izindiza, i-sinqatshiwe, phakathi kokunye, ngenxa "yezindleko okusezingeni eliphezulu". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho kulezi izindiza ngesikhathi indalo yayo, ayikwazanga ukuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa izinjongo kulo yadalwa. Esikhathini esidlule, kwanqunywa ukuba uqhube ukukhiqizwa imishini ngesikhathi Kazan zezindiza isitshalo. Isizathu sisobala - ukubukeka yezikhali ezicitshwayo entsha, okuvumela impumelelo isihlobo (ngemcondvo) ukuze ifohle ukuzivikela, kanye sokungabi nhlobo ngentuthuko zanamuhla kulo mkhakha.

M-50

Revolutionary ngesikhathi sawo indiza wadala Vladimirom Myasischevym nabasebenzi okb-23. Ngezinye Take-off isisindo amathani 175, kwakufanele bonyana enze ukuphuthumisa ukuba cishe 2000 km / h futhi izimpahla ezingamathani angu-amabhomu kanye / noma ezicitshwayo 20.

XB-70 Valkyrie

A top-secret webhomu American (ngesikhathi sawo), isidumbu kuyinto ngokuphelele titanium. Inkampani umdali - North American. Take-off isisindo - amathani 240, isivinini esiphezulu - 3220 km / h. Ibanga kwezicelo - kuze kufinyelele ayizinkulungwane 12 amakhilomitha. Uchungechunge awuhambanga ngenxa yezindleko emangalisayo okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kwezobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza.

Namuhla, T-4 (izindiza, okuyinto has a isithombe esihlokweni) iyisibonelo olukhulu kanjani tech imishini eliphezulu ubulawa ngenxa yezombusazwe futhi imidlalo Undercover.

Imiphumela

Ngenhlanhla, imizamo Herculean abaklami kanye izizumbulu esichithwa ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukukhiqizwa prototypes, hhayi sembelwa la mavangeli. Okokuqala, abaningi ubuchwepheshe lakhiwa-ke kamuva zasetshenziselwa ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Tu-160, okuyinto namuhla laliqapha imingcele yezwe lethu. Okwesibili, Sukhoi Design Bureau owakwazi ukusebenzisa zonke lezi intuthuko kudalwa ehlukile isikhathi bayo, Su-27, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku uyaqhubeka "hit" fighter aircraft.

On kwethonya "bangamakhulu" ngomlando yasekhaya zezindiza umkhakha futhi umkhakha isikhala uthi okungenani yokuthi ubuchwepheshe "ingqamuzana" enamathela iye yasetshenziswa ukuthuthukiswa "Burana". Maye, kodwa umsebenzi stupidly zonakale.