Umkhakha Ukudla Russia: ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezinselelo

Umuntu unesidingo, okuyinto njalo ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo kudingeka wanelise. Noma ubani wena, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sabo emphakathini ungathathi ngaphandle ezinhle, okunomsoco ukudla ungeke ukwenze. Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi isikhathi eside embonini ukudla ngandlela-thile bekulokhu nesisekelo esiqinile sezindinganiso umnotho emazweni amaningi.

Izwe lethu iyathinteka. Mangisho ukuthi yokudla eRussia bekulokhu evuthiwe njalo, njengoba isimo sethu cishe njalo kuyinto amandla ezolimo. I kwaphumela impahla eluhlaza kwadingeka ukuba kusetshenzwe ukugcinwa noma ukusatshalaliswa, ukuze wemboni ohambelana wezolimo emnothweni ubonakale kahle lakhula ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Russia engakakhuli ekhulwini olulodwa obunokuthula, ukuthi lokuveza ibutho ngokudla izinga kufanele banakekele njalo.

Umlando omfishane

Okokuqala hit yokudla eRussia lithole ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi isikhathi esingenathemba ka kulwiwa ke ekugcineni oziphihlizile. Uma eqhathaniswa 1900 imikhiqizo kwehle kanye izikhathi eziyisihlanu. Nokho, kakade nge-1927, umkhakha cishe ngokuphelele abuyiselwe yezinga sangaphambilini, ngakho kuphela kudingeka ukwanelisa abasha wezwe, wayengeyena ukwazi.

amandla kwezimboni, waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi ukwakhiwa kanye ukuthunyelwa ukukhiqizwa kuzo zonke izindawo zeSoviet Union kwaholela isidingo ukubuyekeza olukhulu yokudla, okuyinto sekuneminyaka kuze kube manje. Ukuhlobana lokhu kwaba ephakeme, kulapho eliphezulu eluhlaza izinto isiqala ukubonakala collectivized ama cooperatives wezolimo nasemapulazini ngokuhlanganyela. Cishe kule minyaka efanayo, iminyango Izibalo izibalo alethwe izidingo isilinganiso abantu ukuzibonakalisa ezahlukene nomsoco kanye nezigaba ezithile imikhiqizo.

Phakathi neMpi Patriotic ka 1941-45 bacishe bayifunda yonke yokudla eRussia, ise izingxenye ezimaphakathi umbuso, futhi, lachithwa. konga kuphela esiphuthumayo ngesikhathi esifanele iningi amabhizinisi eMpumalanga. By the way, sibonga lesi simo e Kazakhstan namuhla seyithuthuke endaweni zokudla umkhakha.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi usuku yokudla eRussia, okuyinto kugujwa ngo-October 19, ngokufanayo nje ngezindlela eziningi wadala kukhunjulwa zabasebenzi nobuqhawe abasebenzi kule mboni enikeza ukulokhu ukudla kuya ezingemuva futhi front.

izinkinga ngemva kwempi

Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, emikhakheni eminingi yomnotho, kuhlanganise yokudla, usubuyiselwe yokuqala, ezingeni salo pre-impi. Lokho nje siye wathi ngaphambi umkhakha ayikwazanga nezidingo anda emazweni elikhula ngokushesha kanye nokuthuthukisa. Eqinisweni isimo esibi saba sibi nakakhulu. Iqiniso ukuthi labantu ezindaweni zasemakhaya ukondla ninodwa mikhiqizo etshalwa engadini. Industrial imikhiqizo abantu cishe angazange alithenge.

Ngaleso sikhathi, izwe bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo izisebenzi eziningi. "Ukhetho" Ezingokwemvelo indima yabo kwaba nje abalimi efanayo. Lokho nje bahambe nabo edolobheni ayikwazanga, njengoba kulokhu, isibalo sabantu abangakwazi ukudla ukwandisa ngokushesha. Yiqiniso, lesi simo kungaholela indlala. bawadinga ngokuphuthumayo ukuze reorient imboni nemithetho emisha. usizo olungenakuqhathaniswa lihunyushwa ngokuthi eziyisisekelo nezikhungo ukudla e-Russia (eMoscow, Kuban), okuyinto ochwepheshe baye basungula ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo retrofit umkhakha.

Ngeshwa, indlela wendawo ukuxazulula le nkinga wakhethwa okungalungile ngokuphelele. Kolkhoz aqukethe kungavunyelwe nezinkomo farmsteads siqu, noma kuvinjelwe ngokomthetho inombolo yakhe. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi kuleli cala kakhulu umkhiqizo. Yiqiniso, ukuze sifinyelele lo mgomo njalo ekuphumeni ngesilinganiso ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Ngokwazi nokukhiqiza izitshalo ukukhulisa isivuno iziphathimandla okusanhlamvu wanquma ukuqala zilima humus e Kazakhstan.

Yingaleso sikhathi, futhi kwathi ngenxa operation evamile ezweni kutshalwa kuyinto onesifo esifushane Ochwepheshe oqeqeshiwe. Eqinisweni, kwathi% 40 kuphela endaweni Imininingwane kutshalwa lengasetjentiswa ngokuhambisana nemithetho yezolimo. Ngenxa yalesi nenzalo nenhlabathi lehla ngokushesha, okuyinto ekugcineni zaholela isidingo bayothenga okusanhlamvu phesheya.

ukuhlelwa kabusha

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo embonini ukudla eRussia kwakungeyona esimweni esihle. Ngenxa ukuphathwa kabi manje ziyaphawuleka, emnothweni ilahlekelwe kuze kube u-40% umkhiqizo osuphelile kanye impahla eyigugu eluhlaza. Esikhathini kusuka 1970 kuya ku-1986 kwaya ukunikezela yezokwelapha bokuphila ukuzibonakalisa eziningi. Empeleni, kuyinto evamile kulokhu Kondliwa kuphela abameleli ubuholi beqembu, ezempi, amatilosi, abashayeli bezindiza futhi osomkhathi.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1991 izidingo labantu e-imifino, isinkwa kanye pasta imbozwe mayelana 80-90%. Njengoba ushukela, amafutha, inyama, ubisi kanye nezinkukhu, babengamaphesenti ngokulambisa 55-60% kakhulu. Ngubani engazazi ukuthi ngizoba omunye kuyizimpawu ngasekupheleni USSR emgqeni imikhiqizo "untula"? Zonke izikhungo ukudla eRussia kuleyo minyaka wazibonela ukushoda inhlekelele kwabasebenzi, ezingeni ngokushesha falling ukuqeqeshwa lochwepheshe kukhiqizwa.

Ngemva 1991 waqala sincipha ngokushesha ekukhiqizeni Imininingwane. Ezinye umkhakha ukudla encishisiwe ivolumu ukukhiqizwa ngama-60%. izimo Market ngokushesha zaba zimbi kakhulu okwengeziwe ngenxa yokuthi abathengi ezingaba babengaxoxi nhlobo nayo imali eyanele ukuthenga imikhiqizo abakhiqizi yasekhaya. Konke lokhu okwenzekayo ngokumelene isizinda ngesikhukhula enamandla kwezimpahla ezishibhile amazwe, lapho umfula agelezé emngceleni ivulekile. Ngamunye ukukhiqizwa yokudla eRussia kuleyo minyaka wayemane ophoqelelwe iphendukele kusimo bona ulahla yakhelwe ukugcina okungenani ezinye isithakazelo nabathengayo imikhiqizo yabo.

State ingxenye lobuchwepheshe umkhakha

Ngu 90 zokuqala futhi kule ndawo-ke, wadumala kakhulu. Emzimbeni, eziningi imishini iphelelwe yisikhathi vele isigamu, futhi njengoba zokuziphatha "ukuwohloka kwamangqamuzana" awakwenzayo bekungaphezu kokuvamile. I backwardness zobuchwepheshe likhula futhi nokuntengantenga kwezezimali komnotho ngisho okwengeziwe zaba zimbi kakade hhayi isikhundla brilliant iningi yasekhaya umkhakha ukudla.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhiqizwa Russian uye wahluleka ukunikeza labantu ayo nge ukudla. Isimo engangibhekene naso sasisibi ngaphezu kwesika-emizimbeni iningi amasevisi sanitary-epidemiological yabonisa lokungafani ephelele izimpahla eziningi amazwe, ngisho namazinga eyisisekelo. Drumsticks Salmonella - hhayi okubi kakhulu eyayibizwa ezitholakele. Ngokwemvelo, ikhwalithi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana watholela yokudla eRussia. 2014 kulesi sici kungcono kakhulu, emizimbeni yethu sanitary-epidemiological umsebenzi ukulawula nzinyana.

I izingxenye yokudla eRussia

Yezinsika esemqoka yalolu umkhakha ezweni lakithi (kanye nezwe) kuyinto imfuyo. into yayo manje sizoxoxa. Lomkhakha komnotho inikeza okungenani u-60% materials eziwusizo omahhadla otholakala kulo imikhiqizo ukudla yasekhaya kukhiqizwa. Alas, zimbalwa izindawo eRussia, lapho isimo ivumela ukuzalela yenkomo izinkomo. Omunye wabo eCaucasus. isimo Social kukhona yokuthi nokuvulwa umkhakha (isihlobo) kuphela sebekwazi eminyakeni yamuva.

Ngenxa yalokho, bonke muva okungenani u-60% izidingo labantu bakuleyo yenkomo efanayo ezithwalwa ngokuphelele ukungena, ngenxa okuyinto uhlushwa umkhakha ukudla yeRussia. 2014 kwaphawulwa ukwethulwa unswinyo Western. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa izimo yokugcina ivumela ukuba silangazelele ngokuhlakanipha neziphathimandla, okuyinto, mhlawumbe, namanje unake abakhiqizi yabo.

zizalela izinkomo

Ezweni lethu, ithuthukiswe ngezindlela ezimbili: yobisi inyama futhi avalele izinkomo zizalela. Sikhanyisiwe kuphela ingxenye European yeRussia, lapho isimo sezulu kanye ukudla ukwenza ukukhiqizwa inzuzo eyanele.

imikhiqizo yobisi Domestic eminyakeni yamuva, elinesimo izinga sezingeni eliphezulu. Inkinga esincane uxhaso ukuthi isimo asithumela wemboni kwemali. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kungenxa ukubusa izwe lethu ku-WTO, kodwa kweJalimane neFrance, leli qiniso akuvimbeli ukusekela abalimi zabo. Kuze kube manje, kukhona isimo nakuba: naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izwe iyakwazi ukunikeza hhayi ngaphansi kuka-89% isidingo imikhiqizo yobisi bebodwa, sizoqhubeka uyithenga phesheya.

Ngenxa yalokhu kwasithinta kakhulu umkhakha ukudla eRussia. Umbiko by umkhakha izazi phezu ngonyaka odlule libonisa ukuthi ubisi self asekela ngokugcwele izwe uyakwazi ukudabula iminyaka eziyisihlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa. Kunalokho, abakhiqizi yasekhaya futhi washiya ngaphandle oda isimo kanye izimali.

Njengoba for yenkomo, isimo ngisho nakakhulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi ezweni lakithi kukhona nhlobo ukulima yobisi njengoba enjalo. Zonke inyama Lokudabuka yasekhaya, okubonakala emashalofini ezitolo bethu - njengokuthola avalele izinkomo. It has efana izici ongaphakeme yokudla okunempilo ukuthi umkhakha ukudla iyona impahla eluhlaza isetshenziswa ibhekwa ingulube njengoba. Hlela ukukhiqizwa ephezulu grade steaks noma ayi akukwazi ukuphuma kuso, futhi phela mikhiqizo kungenzeka ukwandisa Russian abakhiqizi engenayo.

ingulube-zizalela

Ngokusekelwe osekushiwo, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi okungenani 2/3 ukufuneka ingqikithi inyama eluhlaza ihlanganisa ncamashi ingulube. ukukhiqizwa Domestic ngakho isezingeni esihle futhi njalo baningi phakathi abathengi. Inkinga iwukuthi yengulube - ngempela eqolo umkhiqizo, ngoba ukukhiqizwa yayo kudinga uxhaso elikhulu ukuze kwakhiwe emikhulu ingulube amapulazi. Ukugcwaliseka kwazo kukhona yokuthi isimo otshala imali kubo ekujaheni, wakhetha finance abakhiqizi angaphandle. ukudla siqu futhi imboni lehlanganisa tinhlelo eRussia ihlangabezana uba ukusweleka njalo izimali.

umkhakha Ukudla eRussia

Futhi manje, bhekani egatsheni eyinhloko yokudla eRussia. Ngesisekelo isimiso ukubeka ukucutshungulwa amabhizinisi kuleli zwe ifakwa ngesikhathi esisodwa izici ezimbili ezaba: impahla eluhlaza kanye umthengi. Ezimweni eziningi, ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi amasha is ngamakhasimende ku ukutholakala izinto zokusetshenziswa, kusukela Ukukhishwa ukudla kwayo kudingeka kakhulu. Lapho traffic amabanga ucishe eside kudinga izindleko omkhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha yayo, kodwa ngenxa ukukhiqizwa ezimweni ezinjalo kuba umane uneconomical.

Kuye inhlanganisela yazo zonke lezi zici, ochwepheshe amagatsha amathathu othi umkhakha ukudla, okuyizinkinga ezivamile Russia:

• Ukuze imithombo izinto zokusetshenziswa ivame ukukhiqizwa ubisi, isitashi Molasses, ushukela amafutha yemifino, yemifino balondoloze ukudla okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kukashukela esinakho kuphela eCaucasus and Central Black Earth izifunda, ngoba indawo baphathe amakhulu ezinkulungwane amathani izinto zokusetshenziswa, okuyindawo nedlanzana ezimbalwa amathani imikhiqizo siphelile, kumane akuzuzisi futhi oyisiwula. Kukhona amabhizinisi elikhulu Russian ukudla umkhakha (Aston, "Yug Rusi") akhiqiza uwoyela zemifino.
• Ngokuphambene, ukukhiqizwa ebhikawozi umkhakha ingatholakala kulo lonke leli zwe. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba usiyise umthengi ukudla umkhakha. Grain kulula ukuthutha, okukhiphayo imikhiqizo eseqedile izinto zokusetshenziswa libanzi.
• izimboni ezihlangene: ufulawa inyama. ukucutshungulwa Primary of izinto zokusetshenziswa akhiqizwa endaweni ngokushesha yesizukulwane sakhe, bese imikhiqizo Semi-siphelile ithunyelwa ukucutshungulwa sokugcina. Isibonelo esiphelele - inhlanzi. Friza wenziwa omunye Isikebhe sokudoba. Salt njengoba inhlanzi, isibonelo, ukukhiqiza, ngisho Udmurtia usuka kuyo kolwandle eliseduze engaphezu kwenkulungwane amakhilomitha.

Okunye izici umkhakha

Ngokuvamile, ezifuywayo yokudla kuhlanganisa amakhulukhulu imijikelezo ukukhiqizwa, sinzima kakhulu. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ziyizinhlobo eziningi kanjani eziyisisekelo. imikhiqizo yabo kukhona impahla eluhlaza for more izimboni eziphambili. Ngu ukukhiqizwa zibala: Milling umkhakha, ukukhiqizwa ekuthumeleni ushukela ongakahluzwa, ukulungiselelwa kanye ubisi kwalo okwalandela indlu.

Kubo kungenzeka zokuhlukanisa zonke izinkampani okulungisa ukudla eRussia, onguchwepheshe ekuthuthukiseni izinhlanzi noma zokuhlatshwa. Kodwa lapha kakade kufanele nihlukanise phakathi kwemikhakha: yenkomo efanayo ungakwazi ngokushesha ukuya ezitolo, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwenziwa ayi, inyama isinkwa, njll Lezi zinqubo yokugcina ibhekwa njengomlando wesonto obaluleke kakhulu, njengoba okubangelwa imikhiqizo yabo ukusebenza kuletha .. share sengonyama of the inzuzo umenzi.

izici ezibalulekile ukukhiqizwa

Ukudla umkhakha kokubili ezweni lethu nezidingo izigidi abathengi. Lokhu kungenxa ezihlukahlukene omkhulu izinkampani, ezinye zazo kakade emakethe engaphezu kwekhulu iminyaka (Nestle, isibonelo). I engavamile walesi umkhakha ukuthi badinga ukuthola ezinye okuthandwa entsha nokukhululwa ifomu, njengoba izithakazelo abathengi kufanele kugcinwe. Kuyinto ngesizathu yokugcina, zokudla umkhakha yesimanje unesithakazelo kokusungulwa emaphaketheni entsha kanye nezindlela abulawe yayo.

Uma sikubeka kalula, umkhakha ukudla, hhayi kuphela ezweni lethu kodwa futhi phesheya, ithuba lomsebenzi izinkulungwane zabantu abathintekayo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza ingilazi, iphepha, plastic kanye emaphaketheni metal. Ngezindlela eziningi kudala futhi ubunjalo impahla ngokufakwa ebomvu umkhakha: ubhiya esifanayo kungcono uthele iseduze izitshalo, lapho itholakala khona, uplastiki namabhodlela amabhodlela. Ibadlulise ingxenye yezwe - kuyabiza.

Izindleko eyinhloko yokudla

Uma sikhuluma inzuzo lolu hlobo ukukhiqizwa, kwezindleko embonini ukudla ERussia kukhona ngenxa ukuthenga zanamuhla emaphaketheni imigqa kanye nemishini, amanani awo akuzona yeningi kakhulu. izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu ku professional ukuphrinta design amaphakheji. Engeza ukuthi izinkokhelo abaklami, abakhangisi, izindleko ukunikeza isitifiketi nokuqhubekela phambili imikhiqizo yayo. Ngakho, yesimanje ukudla umkhakha - kule mboni kakhulu, ayebiza kakhulu.

Izinkinga eyinhloko yokudla ezweni lethu

Ngokuvamile, sike wakhuluma ngabaningi babo. Ngakho, ukuthuthukiswa yokudla eRussia luyindida kakhulu ngenxa yokungabi bikho sekuyaphela kuxhaswa kuhulumeni ngenxa umkhakha. Izindleko zokumisa lot ukukhiqizwa (bheka ngenhla), intela - nakakhulu, futhi isithakazelo sangempela abantu lokuqala isimo ekuqinisekiseni yayo nokwaneliswa yezwe kanti akunjalo.

Akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi kukhona abadlali abambalwa ezinkulu kule mboni, okuyinto ukulawula emakethe imikhiqizo ukudla kuwo wonke umhlaba. Lezi zinkampani zaziwa kuwo wonke umuntu, "Nestle", "Coca-Cola", "Unilever", nabanye. Ngakho, cishe wonke amanzi carbonated ezivezwa isitshalo, ogama ukwabelana kungokwakho "Coca-Cola". Same Sinjalo isimo ushokoledi: ngisho ukuthenga ezifuywayo candy, wena ngetimali Swiss "Nestle".

Yiqiniso, lezi zinkampani Russian ukudla umkhakha, ngomqondo nenzuzo njengoba zikhokhelwe isabelomali sikahulumeni eziningi izintela. Uhlangothi reverse of the uhlamvu lwemali ukuthi omunye ukukhiqiza kuphela yasekhaya yamanzi carbonated ubulawa cishe ngokuphelele, njengoba izinkampani ezincane kukhona akunakwenzeka ancintisane "imikhomo" enjalo umkhakha global. Nazi izinkinga eyinhloko Russian umkhakha ukudla.