Ukuzala kuyinto .. Ukuzala komhlaba. Izinto zokuzala

Impahla eyinhloko yomhlabathi womhlaba njengezinto zemvelo ukuzala kwabo. Kusukela kule mfanelo kuxhomeke ebubini bazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zomhlaba, izitshalo futhi, abantu-ke.

Umhlabathi njengento eyinhloko yemvelo isebenzisa zonke izinsiza zayo (ilanga lamandla, izakhi), libafaka ezintweni ezibizwa ngokuthi ziwusizo futhi ziwanikeze izitshalo, eziphethwe yizo zombili izilwane nobuntu. Izinqubo ze-Bio-physics nezomakhemikhali ezenzeka embozweni womhlabathi azilula, futhi ukuzala kwayo kuxhomeke kokuqukethwe kwezimboni ezisemhlabathini (ukuwela kuwo futhi kwakha kuwo).

Yini ebonisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi?

Kusukela kulokhu okukhulunywe ngakho, kuphetha ngokuthi ukuzala umhlaba yikhono lemhlabathi yezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene ukuhlinzeka ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo ngezimo ezihle ezingagcini ekuhlanganiseni okulinganiselwe kokuswakama nokushisa.

Izimpawu zasendulo zokuzala komhlaba

Isibonakaliso sokuzala kweziSlav zasendulo kwakuyi-rhombus, ehlukaniswe ngokuyisisekelo zibe izingxenye ezine, ingxenye ngayinye yalesi sibalo ibonisa iphuzu. I-rhombus yayisho amasimu ahlwanyelwe, futhi amaphuzu - amasiko akhula kuwo.

Isibonakaliso sokuzala sasetshenziswa kumathuluzi okusebenza kwezolimo, izindonga zendlu futhi alethwa, ngokusho kwenkolelo yabakhile basendulo, ukuchuma nomusa. I-lozenge eyayimelwe ngezinga elithile yaba umsunguli wehlukaniswa komhlaba wezolimo zibe iziqephu ezihlukene, bese kuthi amasimu.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, uphawu lokuzala komhlaba yi-spikelet noma insimu ehlwanyelwe ukolweni.

Ukuhlukaniswa kokuzala

Ukuzala akuyona nje impahla yemvelo yomhlaba, kodwa futhi kuyisibonakaliso sekhwalithi yomhlabathi, okuyinto engumgogodla obaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo.

Kusukela kumbono we-agrotechnical, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokuzala umhlaba zihlukaniswa:

• Umvelo (wemvelo);
• Ukufakelwa (okusebenzayo);
• Economic.

I-agronomists eminingi yanamuhla iqondiswa yizici, ezenza ukuhlaziywa kombuso wokuzala futhi, ngokuya ngesibonakaliso esitholakalayo, zisebenzise lokhu noma ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokulimala umhlaba wezolimo.

Izinhlamvu zokuzala kwezinhlobo

Ukuzala ngokwemvelo kuyinkomba yekhwalithi yenhlabathi, inayo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa okuhlukahlukene kwemithombo yabantu, izisebenzi kanye nemishini, kanye nezakhi zamakhemikhali nezamaminerali. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, lesi sibonakaliso siphakeme kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho izinqubo zanamuhla zobuchwepheshe zokulima kwamazwe zingasetshenziswa. Amaphesenti alabo namuhla aphansi kakhulu.

Ukuzala okuphumelelayo yizimfanelo umhlaba owenza ngenxa yethonya eliqondile kulo msebenzi onomsebenzi womuntu kanye nebhizinisi, okubandakanya zonke izinqubo ze-agrotechnical esebenzisa imithombo ehlelekile, ukubuyisela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanyolo - eziphilayo kanye nezamaminerali, kanye nalabo ababhubhisa Izinambuzane. Ukuzala okuphumelelayo kudalwa ukuze kufinyelele isivuno esikhulu, ukuwaqaphela nokuthola inzuzo ephezulu.

Ukuzala komnotho kuyisibonakaliso sokulinganisa kwezomnotho kwamazwe, isisekelo salo amandla okukwazi ukuthela izithelo nezakhiwo zezomnotho ezindaweni ezithile.

Umthamo ongakghona wamazwe uzwakala njengenhlanganisela yempahla yawo yemvelo nomuntu owuthola ngenxa yokulima umhlaba.

Ukuzala ngokwemvelo kuyona okudingeka kakhulu okwamanje ngenxa yokuqedwa kwezizathu eziningi zenhlabathi ngenxa yezinqubo eziningi ezenziwe ngendlela efanele. Abanikazi bendawo abaningi banamuhla bazama ukuthutha kancane kancane ekubuyiselweni kwemvelo kwekhwalithi yomhlabathi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ze-agrotechnical ne-agrochemical.

Izimpawu zokuzala kwenhlabathi

Izinhlobo ezikhulunywe ngenhla zinganciphisa incazelo eyodwa - ukuzala okuhlobene, okuqondwa ukuthi ikhono lomhlabathi ophansi ukutshala izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo nokwenqaba abanye. Futhi akukho ukugcinwa kokujikeleza kwezitshalo akunikezi nhlobo umphumela omuhle emhlabathini onjalo.

Kuzozonke izinqubo zemvelo, izinhlobo zenhlabathi nezitshalo zihlobene kakhulu futhi zithatha izindawo ezinhle zomunye nomunye. Phela, ukukhula kwezitshalo, isivuno sabo kanye namandla abo emvelo kungenxa yokuzala kwenhlabathi, futhi futhi, kuxhomeke kuhlobo lwezitshalo ezikhulayo embozweni womhlabathi.

Uma isizinda semifino sezwe sishintsha, ukuzala kwabo nakho kuyashintsha. Uma uhlola wonke umhlaba womhlaba, ungabona ukuthi izindawo eziwugwadule zincane kakhulu kunezo ezigcwala izimila zazo. Ngakho-ke, amaxhaphozi agcwele izimila ezihlambalaza, amahlathi asehlathini afaneleka enhlabathini ye-acid podzolic noma i-solonchaks. Kulokhu kulandela ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zemhlabathi zinomkhawulo wokuzala, kodwa hhayi ekuhloleni yonke inkomba, kodwa ngokuqondene nezinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo.

Ngakho-ke, isiphetho ukuthi izingxenye ezihlukene zenhlawulo yenhlabathi zinomhlabathi ongafanelanga wokuzala ngokuphathelene nokukwazi nokusebenza kahle ngokuphathelene nezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo.

Njengoba kukhona ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi inhlabathi ethile inokulimala okuhle kwezitshalo ezithile, amazwe angenzuzo kakhulu asetshenziselwa ukulima. Ngokuyinhloko lawa yi-chernozems evundile.

Izakhi zokuzala umhlaba

Ukuzala inhlabathi kwakha ngendlela yokuhlelwa kwemvelo futhi ayinqunywa ngesici esisodwa, isibonelo, okuqukethwe kokudla okunomsoco noma ama-humus, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa zonke izici zayo. Ukuzala kwezakhiwo ngabanye akuhlosile kuphela isimo sezingxenye zomhlabathi ophezulu, kodwa futhi kuncike kwisakhiwo esijulile esithinta izimila ngesistimu ejulile.

Ngakho-ke, ukuzala kuxhomeke ngokuphelele kwiphrofayili yesakhiwo sezwe, ezingxenyeni zayo ezingenhla nangaphansi, ekutholakaleni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ngekhwalithi yamatshe angaphansi komhlaba - ubumba noma amatshe. Izakhi zomdwebo womhlaba wokuzala zibandakanya izakhiwo zomzimba, eziphilayo kanye nezamakhemikhali zenhlabathi kanye nemithamo yazo yonyaka - ukubunjwa kwe-granulometric yephrofayili yomhlaba, isakhiwo sezingxenye zomhlabathi, izakhiwo zamanzi, izingxenye zezinto eziphilayo, ikhono lokubamba ukushisa nomswakama.

Ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba wezolimo, ngokuya ngesilinganiso sokuzala

Izwe yiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza kwezolimo, ukuzala okuhlale kuyinhloko esemqoka yosuku. Kuyindlela yokuzala inhlabathi ebeka phambili ukushintshaniswa kwesitshalo esizayo. Kusukela emkhakheni wenhlabathi, umphumela wokugcina ohleliwe ekuvuneni njalo kuxhomeke.

Umhlaba wezolimo - umhlaba wezolimo, ohlanganisa izindawo zasendle kanye namadlelo, amadiphozi, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nomhlaba ohlaziyekile.

I-Hayfields yizindawo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka nge-haymaking ukuze zihlinzeke ngemfuyo ngokudla okunomsoco ngesikhathi sokukhula kwasebusika. Ngokuya kokuzala kwabo, zihlukaniswa ezindaweni ezikhukhulayo - ezicebile kakhulu ezitshalweni ezinomsoco, ezomile nezomile, ezilukhuni ukufika, ezigcwele izihlahla noma amahlathi ezifundeni, zihlanganiswe ngamatshe kanye nama-hummocks, zihlanzekile ngokucophelela.

Imfuyo yindawo okuhloswe ngayo ekufuyeleni izinkomo entwasahlobo, ehlobo, ekwindla okukhulayo izikhathi. Imifino emadlelweni ilula kakhulu kunasendle, ngenxa yethonya lezinto eziningi zokunyathelisa ngezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo. Futhi, zona, zihlukaniswe zibe ezomile nasezindaweni ezimanzi, zithuthukiswa ngcono.

Emasimini angapheli kukhona izithelo zezithelo nemifino yezithelo, izivini. I-Zalezhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela ngaphezu konyaka wezwe elihle.

Futhi uhlobo oluyigugu kakhulu lomhlaba wezolimo yizwe elihle, elisetshenziselwa ukuhlwanyela okusanhlamvu, ummbila, i-sunflower, i-rapeseed, i-buckwheat nokutshala kwezitshalo zemifino. Kuye ngesibonakaliso sokuzala komvelo, umhlaba ovuthiwe uhlukaniswa ungene, unqanyuliwe, ungenakunyakaziswa kahle, ulungele ukukhukhula futhi uvalwe ngamatshe.

Ukulinganiswa kokuzala komhlaba

Ngokuya ngenhloso yomhlaba wezolimo, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngezakhiwo zabo ezingaba khona ukuze kubalwe inani elithile lezitshalo zezitshalo ezithile.

Amazwe enhloso yezolimo ngokuhambisana ne-balance balance plant angabonakaliswa ngumbonakaliso wezinga eliphakeme lokuzala kanye nenani eliphansi. Ukuzala kunqunywe ukuvuthwa kwe-biomass eqoqwe emhlabathini ngenxa yokukhula kwesitshalo esisodwa noma esinye emhlabeni.

Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokuzala emkhiqizweni wezolimo ngumkhiqizo wehlabathi elihle. I-cadastre yomhlaba womhlaba, ehlukanisa umhlaba ngekhwalithi yokuzala, igxila ekutheni ubukhulu bendlela yokukhiqiza engaba khona, engakwazi ukuqina uma inhlabathi isetshenziselwa ezinye izinhloso noma ingabambisani nokushintshanisa kwezitshalo ezithile ezingavumeli ukuzala kwenhlabathi, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwandisa amandla okuba khona Izitshalo eziphakeme.

Ukukhathala komhlabathi wezolimo

Ochwepheshe abaningi bomhlaba banombono wokuthi ukukhula komhlaba kwanda ngenxa yezindlela zanamuhla nezesayensi zokulima. Kodwa-ke, iminyaka eminingi yokusebenza ibonisa umphumela ohlukile, owuphawu lokuncipha kwawo. Akusiyo njalo ukutshala isembozo somhlaba kuholela ekulondolozeni ibhalansi yemvelo yesakhiwo senhlabathi.

Isitshalo ngasinye esakhula endaweni ethile yomhlaba sishintsha ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi futhi ukhethe izakhi eziningi ezivela kuwo. Lokhu kudinga izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokubuyisela ukuzala. Ukukhuphuka komswakama, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, okuqukethwe okuphansi kwama-humus kanye nezondlo kungumphumela wokulima okungenamsebenzi komhlaba.

Uma eminyakeni yokuqala yokulima umhlabathi umthombo wendawo ukhonjiswa ngokuzala okuphezulu, emva kweminyaka eminingana yokusebenza kwayo ngosizo lwezokucubungula izinto, lolu hlu luyancipha kakhulu ngenxa yokuchithwa kwezingxenye ezingaphezulu komhlaba, ngenxa yokuthi izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ze-agrotechnical zithathwa ukubuyisela ibhalansi yemvelo ngezindlela zokufakelwa. Uma ungathathi izinyathelo, izwe lilahlekelwa ikhono layo lokukhiqiza isivuno esikhulu futhi le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhathala kwenhlabathi.

Izinto zokuzala

Kusukela kulokhu okulandelayo, kulandela ukuthi ukuzala komhlabathi otshalwayo kuthintwa yizici ezithile ezibonisa ukuxhumana komhlabathi, izinambuzane kanye nezitshalo.

Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-asidi, okuqukethwe komdaka, usawoti kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-alkali, okuqukethwe kokushisa, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, umthamo ongaphansi komhlaba, i-chemical and biological toxicosis, ukungabi nhlobo kwe-aeration.

Ukuqedwa nokunciphisiswa kokuthonya izinto zokunciphisa inhlabathi

Ukwanda komhlabathi wokuzala kunciphisa izindlela zokwenza izinto ezibuyiselwayo ezibuyisela ukulinganisela kwemvelo kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wezinto ezingenhla:

• Ngokwenyuka kwe-acidity liming yomhlabathi eyenziwa;
• Ngokwengeziwe ngokweqile kwama-alkalis - i-acidification, i-gypsum, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhomikhali e-physiologically acidic;
• With amaminerali amaningi - ukugeza amanzi angaphansi komhlaba;
• Ebumbeni eliphakeme - ukukhulula okujulile, isicelo sehlabathi;
• Emkhakheni omkhulu wokumboza kwenhlabathi - ukukhulula, utshani-ukuhlwanyela nokwakhiwa kokubunjwa kwenhlabathi;
• Ngokuntuleka kwezakhi - ukwethulwa kwamaminerali amaminerali nama-organic;
• In toxicosis yamakhemikhali kanye neyezinto eziphilayo.

Umanyolo womhlabathi wonyaka

Ngokuvamile ukwanda kwe-plowland kwenziwa ngokufakwa kwamaminerali omquba. Yilezi zakhi eziwumthombo wamakhemikhali anezakhi ezitshala izitshalo.

Ukutshala umhlabathi entwasahlobo kusho ukufakwa kwamanyolo we-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. Esikhathini sekwindla, inhlabathi iyakhiwa izakhi ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo zomquba eziphilayo - umquba, i-humus, i-slurry yemifino.

Ukwenza ngcono umhlaba wokulima

Ukwanda kwenzalo yenzalo ayithinteki nje kuphela ekukhuliseni inhlabathi entwasahlobo nasekwindla, kodwa futhi nokugcinwa okulungile kokulinganisa kwamanyolo owethulwe, ngoba ukungabi nalutho kanye nokunye kwalokhu kubonakala kunciphisa isivuno somhlaba.

Ukutshala umhlabathi njalo kuhlangene nezinkomba zokujikeleza kwezitshalo, ukulima okuhlelekile kanye nezinyathelo zokulungisa.