Insabule - Iyini? Nikon F entabeni

Insabule - yigama yesayensi lens ukukhweza photo kanye video imishini. Kungaba uhlelo yasibamba noma emhlanganweni okhethekile, ngawo ikhamera ogibele lens. izinkampani Oholela esikhiqiza amakhamera, baye basungula izindinganiso zawo zalapho, ngakho ngokuvamile insabule elilodwa ngokuqinile aluhambelani nezinye. Nokho, kukhona uhlelo zifane futhi kumadivayisi angeziwe (isib, adaptha-insabule) ukufakwa yokukhanya kusukela amafemu ezahlukene. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ashaya: Nikon F, Canon EF futhi Sony E.

F insabule ka "Nikon"

With ukuthuthukiswa izithombe, kwaba sobala ukuthi yokukhanya okuzisholo, uvalwe ixhunywe unit izindlu, ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nemibono ochwepheshe. Isixazululo itholwe ukusetshenziswa lens nezilandiso. Inkampani Nikon isibe ngomunye wabokuqala ukwethula nenkanuko edlulele esezingeni lens esikhiphekayo. uhlobo insabule, yethulwa ngo-1959, inkampani "Nikon" kuyinto insabule uxhumano releasable esetshenziswa ukuxhuma ikhamera 35mm (umzimba) kanye lens.

Lenses nge uhlelo yasekuqaleni F-insabule zasetshenziswa kakhulu kuze 1977, ongakabi uvele iyahambisana uhlobo isici AI. Ngisho yesimanje lens Nikon ingasetshenziswa nohlobo idivayisi F no umsebenzi omuhle ngamakhamera amadala, nakuba ukufakwa kungadinga ezincane ngcono lokukhanda.

Umgomo we operation

Insabule - ke iyithuluzi elingeyona inkimbinkimbi. Ukuze uxhume lens nohlobo ikhamera F, kubalulekile ukuba ngesandla lungise lens kwelivi nge uhlelo tendril metering, okuyinto umiselwe endaweni f / 5,6 diaphragm. Kamuva ama-lens yalolu hlobo Futhi ngibizé pre-AI futhi okungezona AI.

ukuhambisana

Lenses Nikon F insabule-uhlobo umsebenzi omuhle ngayo yonke amakhamera yesimanje Nikon okungenani ngesandla ukhethe mode exposure, ikakhulukazi uma ukushintsha kubo kungasebenziswa nge entabeni AI. Kulokhu ukusebenza izindlela beso igunya kuzoncika imodeli ikhamera. Matrix metering kudinga ukuthuthukiswa ekhethekile ukukhweza, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ayisebenzi nalezi lens, ngisho noma azoqeda kuya AI ejwayelekile.

umklamo Izici

Kakade kusukela lens ifakwe Nikon F insabule ukukhweza uhlelo, inkampani uye wasebenzisa indlela of diaphragm othomathikhi. Okungukuthi, le ngxenye njalo evulekile uma uhambisa focus futhi ivaliwe kuphela isikhashana ngaphambi mzuzu bethwebula. Nge lesi sithombe kusitholi sokubonwayo akusho mnyama akusho kuphazamise isiqondiso, ngisho noma iringi beso lihunyushwe kwindawo avaliwe. Ikhipha lokhu yaqaphela ngesimo isigwedlo ezakhelwe esidlekeni ikhamera, elehla phambi isithombe. I-lens ikhishwe omunye isigwedlo lapho ngaphansi entwasahlobo ingcindezi uvala izindwani diaphragm.

Nikon insabule uhlobo AI

AI (yenkomba okuzenzakalelayo) - inguqulo ethuthukisiwe wokuqala entabeni Nikon F - kwahlongozwa ngo-1977. Abalandeli umkhiqizo "Nikon" elinde uhlelo olusha ivumela lens nezilandiso ngokushesha. Ngezinye izikhathi ngobuciko izithombe Okuqukethwe akuzwakali ehlukanisa imizuzwana embalwa elahlekile, wazuza esikhundleni lens. Futhi fotogigant wasungula lens entsha entabeni. Lo mklamo ovikelekile uvunyelwe ukuba ubeke ilensi eyodwa esandleni ukunyakaza, hhayi ukuchitha isikhathi ngokufaka indandatho beso ingxenye Inkomba.

Lapho esetshenziswa ku amakhamera yesimanje AI-lens ungasebenza izindlela ezifana inhlukano (M) kanye beso igunya (A) ukuqapha dot ukuchayeka noma nendawo. Ezinye amakhamera singasebenza-matrix metering.

Lenses uhlobo oludala (F) Kulula kakhulu ukuguqula ukusebenza ngokwandisa AI, okuyinto isigwedlo ngokuthinta ikamelo insabule, ixhumana yokuma indandatho diaphragm.

emisha

Kulindeleke ukuthi emisha main kusungulwe iziyisikhombisa mechanical okufanele wazise ekamelweni ubude ebalulekile lens. Ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi le entsha "Nikon" ikhamera ngandlela-thile enelise ukusebenzisa lolo lwazi. Kodwa entabeni ethuthukisiwe ayiphazamiseki. Abaklami waya enye indlela: lens yesimanje adlulisele ulwazi ngekhompyutha. Le ndlela kwenzakala ishibhile futhi athembeke. manje-AI lens zidayiswa ngoba eduze lutho, nakuba zinezikhwepha kancane kunabayeni yesimanje AI-S (isibonelo, abanayo uhlelo okusheshayo).

ikhamera laseSoviet laqala ukufuna Ukraine futhi lens

On the endaweni ye-USSR futhi Ukraine of 35 mm amakhamera lens ukuthi kukhona iyahambisana entabeni Nikon AI, wakhulula Kiev ifektri "Arsenal". Phakathi amakhamera zazimi kanje:

• "Kiev-17";
• "Kiev-20";
• "Kiev-19";
• "Kiev-19M";
• UMbusi Arsat lens.

uhlobo insabule Nikon AI-s

Lena esigabeni esilandelayo ukuvela lens esikhiphekayo. idivayisi okunjalo iyasebenza namuhla. Ngu AI kulula ukusakaza kwi neckline ethize oyindilinga ku insabule etholakalayo ku chromed indandatho isikali ukudepha kwenkundla (e AI black ebusweni) isicelo upende orange wokugubha beso ubuncane.

Incwadi «S» lisho ukuthi Coefficient komugqa lokuvala diaphragm kuthinta kuka isigwedlo diaphragm-inkomba kuya insabule. Ngenxa emisha emakamelweni autofocus ngokunemba beso nesilinganiso kakhulu anda. lokhu ngcono ayibalulekile ngoba onobuhle control manual.

Ukuhambelana nezinhlobo odlule

• Zonke AI-S-lens iyahambisana AI-lens.
• Zonke AF, AF-mina AF-S-lens kuyavumelana futhi insabule AI-S.
• Zonke AI-S-lens ukusebenza "SLR» Nikon okungenani ukwimodi yokuzenzela.
• SLR Iningi "Nikon", kuhlanganise digital, ungakwazi ukusebenza ikumodi beso kuqala, ngaphandle eziningi kumadivayisi ezingeni amateur.

Ngaphambi uhlela ukuthenga, ufunde imiyalelo umsebenzisi we ikhamera, okuyinto njalo lukhona ulwazi ukwesekwa zezinhlobo ezithile lens.

Insabule-uhlobo P

Lokhu hybrid ejwayelekile yethulwa 1988 ngqo aphathwayo Telephoto lens ukuthi Nikon kwadingeka ukuba ubambe isikhundla kuze kube isikhathi lapho eside focus AF-lens musa ukuthola ukusatshalaliswa kwenqwaba. Ngaleso sikhathi, okungcono "avtofokusnikami" imodeli ngezimiso babe 300 mm f / 2 Agasti.

Nikon lens kancane ezikhishwe uhlobo P. Phakathi kwabo 500mm f / 4 P (1988); 1200-1700 mm f / 5,6-8,0 P ED; 45mm f / 2.8 P.

Lens uhlobo inhlukano P AI-S ungeze nabantu oxhumana nabo eziningana electronic insabule AF. Le ndlela kwenza ukuba usebenzise i-matrix metering imodi usanda yabonakala amakhamera autofocus.

Insabule-uhlobo AF

Nikon lens autofocus AF (ngaphandle AF-mina AF-S) eyenga e nokucija ngenxa ukujikeleza imoto ekamelweni is idlule indlela ekhethekile lens esikhiphekayo. Abathwebuli indlela enjalo ngokuthi "ukufakwa kokumqoka kuphela". Manje lesi simiso ubukeka bakudala kuqhathaniswa Canon autofocus uhlelo, kodwa a design okunjalo bavunyelwe ukuba babuyele ngo-1980 ukuze silondoloze kwedivayisi ngokugcwele neavtofokusnymi lens. Zonke kudivayisi autofocus (kuhlanganise AI-S) sisebenze ngokuphelele ukuze neavtofokusnyh emakamelweni. Nokho, amadivayisi Asisekeli AI, kusadingeka ukuba ukuqhubeka.

Insabule-uhlobo AF-N

AF-ekubizweni N laqanjwa kuphela ukuze ukuhlukanisa lens uchungechunge AF ubudala kusukela entsha. Ngemva kokudedelwa ngowokuqala "Nikon» AF-lens nganquma ukuthi ukuba ubuchwepheshe kusebenziseka kalula kangaka, akekho omunye kuzothatha izithombe ukwimodi yokuzenzela. Ngakho-ke, owokuqala AF-lens ayenendawo mncane ungakhululekile inhlukano indandatho ngokugxila, okuyinto ukusetshenziswa kwakungenakwenzeka. Nokho, kwathi bezithombe uthanda ezimnandi zakudala ububanzi rubberized focus indandatho. Ngakho-ke, onjiniyela wabuya kubo emuva autofocus amalensi shayela ukulungiswa entsha AF-N. lens Modern anemisila ukhululekile indandatho ngokugxila, ngakho AF-N notation ngabo ayisasetshenziswa.

Insabule-uhlobo AF-D

Lenses kulesi sigaba ngokuvumelana "intelligence" yebanga ikhamera nganoma lapho bagxile. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ezimweni ezithile, kufanele ukusiza metering uhlelo-matrix ukunquma ukuchayeka ngokunembe kakhudlwana, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa i-flash. Kodwa umkhuba, insabule AF-D has ngaphezulu ukumaketha ukubaluleka kuka esisebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona AF-D kungase kubangele ngisho i ukuzimisela engalungile ukuchayeka lapho flash futhi matrix (ifilimu) kukhona at amabanga ehlukene ukusuka kokuthathwayo.

ngokugxila isivinini akuhlangene nokuba khona noma ukungabi khona ukwesekwa AF-D lens entabeni. Kumane ngaphezulu lens entsha, ngakho ukusebenza ngokushesha kunabazali ababengaphambi zabo. Zonke AF-D-lens, kanye AF kanye AI-S, umsebenzi omuhle ku neavtofokusnyh emakamelweni.

Canon EF

Insabule - akusiyo okukhethekile umqondo inkampani ka "Nikon". Ezinye izinkampani nawo aye asungula uhlelo yabo lens nezilandiso entabeni. I imbangi okuphakade - inkampani Canon - futhi idume izinhlobo ukubacabangela entabeni izakhiwo. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho Nikon ukunyusele uhlelo AI-S, «Canon» iphrezenthe lens kakhulu entabeni EF.

Canon insabule wabonakala okokuqala ku-ikhamera EOS 650 ngo-1987, lapho le nkampani uchungechunge autofocus SLR ikhamera. Lo msuka kuhlukile ontanga, ikakhulukazi khona oxhumana kagesi, lapho lens we ngobulili ulwazi lokuphatha. Esikhathini EF ukhweze mechanical iris control, the AF drive namanye izakhiwo esishiywe dengwane. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside, efanayo version control asetshenziswe Olympus Four kwezintathu uhlelo.

Canon EF-S

EF-S inketho ihlinzeka obuphelele emifushane ezingemuva lens inzwa yesithombe. Kuyinto iyahambisana kancane nge EF ejwayelekile njengoba lens EF entabeni ingasetshenziswa amaseli nge EF insabule futhi EF-S.

Insabule izinkampani E-Sony

E-entabeni kuyinto okunamathiselwe brand "Sony" sokuthuthukiswa lens for amakhamera mirrorless Alpha NEX uchungechunge amakhamera NXCAM. Lena yintuthuko enhle sasivumela yamuva, owethulwa ngonyaka ka-2010 futhi yaqaliswa okokuqala e-Sony α uchungechunge imikhiqizo (NEX-3 amakhamera, -5). Isici se-insabule uhlelo uxhumano E kuyinto desyatikontaktny esibonakalayo digital.

Insabule ne Inkomba "E" isetshenziswa kompaktkamerah mirrorless ifakwe matrices, oluvelele ikhwalithi yesithombe ezingeni "SLR". Kanyekanye SLR ikhamera "Sony" A onjiniyela insabule zisebenzisa engcono nezilandiso lens uhlelo izibuko semitransparent. I izinhlelo ezimbili kuhluke ezidlula i-flange ngaphandle ezinye izici design. Lokhu ibanga ukusuka indiza ebalulekile (-matrix) kuze kube sekupheleni lens. Ngo SLR amakhamera kanye lens afanayo uhlukanisa esibukweni, ngakho ukusebenza elide etholwe, kwandisa ubukhulu bomzimba lens nezilandiso. For Amadivayisi insabule E esibukweni kungadingeki, ngakho lens ulula kakhulu futhi emfishane.

Ukuhambelana nemikhiqizo evela kweminye abakhiqizi

Lamangala abaklami Japanese akazange amlandele endleleni yayo, futhi wakhetha isu sokukhululeka. Izici yalokhu kuthuthukiswa, njengoba Sony E insabule, ukuvumela ukukhiqiza adapters ezikhethekile ukuthi ukuxhuma ilensi cishe kunoma iyiphi zalapho yesimanje kusukela izinkampani ezilandelayo:

• pentax;
• Olympus;
• Nikon;
• leica;
• Hasselblad;
• Exakta;
• Minolta AF;
• Canon EF;
• contarex;
• Contax;
• Rollei;
• Micro 4: 3;
• Ngaphakathi T-entabeni, C hlobo, i-M39 × 1, i-M42 × 1 nabanye.

Ngo-2011, inkampani wavula ezifana Sony lens entabeni, okuvumela izinkampani ukukhiqiza lens zabo ngaphansi ikhamera Japanese umshini othile.

isiphetho

Uma uthi nhlá, lens entabeni engeyena ukwakhiwa kuyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, iyunithi wenza imisebenzi ezibalulekile eziningana. It ikuvumela ukuba ushintshe izinhlobo lens kuye imisebenzi eyenziwa, kanye design ohlakaniphile, the ngokushesha futhi elula kuyinto yokukhanya esikhundleni. Eyesibili umsebenzi obalulekile - ukudluliswa kolwazi digital kumaseli zanamuhla besebenzisa oxhumana kagesi ku-lens insabule evumela lens kanye ikhamera ehambisanayo ukuze uthole esiphezulu izithombe izinga noma amavidiyo.