Ukusungulwa kwe izithombe kanye cinema: usuku. Umlando kokusungulwa izithombe kafushane

Kanye imidwebo, izithombe kanye cinema umlando waqala benesifiso elula womuntu ukuze uthwebule izikhathi ezimpilweni zabo, ukuze kungasi kubo isikhathi eside futhi udlulise lokuxoxela izizukulwane ezizayo. Nge ikhono nokuzala ngokunembile isithombe ephepheni noma ifilimu, lezi zindawo ezimbili, kuye kwasungulwa ubuciko. Abathwebuli, isibonelo, akazange egcina ngokwakha umsebenzi ukwakha isithombe ukuthi umane okuhambisa ulwazi mayelana nokubonakala imodeli. Photo iye umyalezo othile, umqondo ukuze uthumele onobuhle umlingisi, moya. Futhi ifilimu, uthome izithombe imizuzwana embalwa, isiqondiso ithuthukiswe ngokushesha, futhi namuhla ebhayisikobho isethubeni ezinkulu, kuze ukwakhiwa izindaba mayelana impucuko ezisemkhathini imihlaba bemilingo. Ukusungulwa kwe izithombe kanye cinema lalibonisa Imivubukulo eminingi etholakale nemisebenzi emangalisa yobuciko emhlabeni, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, isithombe kanye namavidiyo ngokuqinile empilweni yomuntu yesimanje. Namuhla, inqubo yokuthola futhi sicubungula izithombe, okuqoshiwe kanye video processing ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke ziye zaba ngakho elula ukuthi akudingi ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile futhi akuthathi isikhathi eside. Kanjani ukuqala umlando kokusungulwa izithombe? has kanjani imboni yamabhayisikobho?

Ukubukeka yezithombe lokuqala enezithombe

Kanjani ukuze uthole ecacile futhi zigxile iphepha izithombe zezwe? Lo mbuzo ngizibuze izingqondo ezinkulu emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Impumelelo kwaba ukuvela okubizwa ngokuthi ikhamera obscura, esihlinzeka ukumelwa ngokunembile izinto emhlabeni zangaphandle, ngalo baqala kokusungulwa izithombe. Usuku, ubudala umzamo wokuqala wasithatha indoda ukukwenza obala osheshayo isithombe, kuze kube manje ngempela akwaziwa, kodwa owokuqala ngubani yabhekisela engavamile ukukhanya ukubonisa izinto abe uLeonardo da Vinci. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, uGiovanni Porta ukwakha umfuziselo amakhamera pinhole, ayesetshenziselwa ukudlulisela amaphethini wesifunda ungene ngendwangu ngesandla. Njengoba i-prototype ikhamera yesimanje, ikhamera, maye, akazange anikeze amathuba anjalo, ube zazo kamuva esintwini ikhamera. Okwamanje lapho iphupho ukuthola izithombe usebenzisa art wasondela lapho isibalo okutholakele enziwa, nalo ukuzwela elihlobene ne izakhiwo ezithile izakhi zamakhemikhali ezivumela ukuba baphathe futhi silungise isithombe.

Isithombe lokuqala emlandweni

Unyaka izithombe okusungulile - 1839, lapho umklami French Lui Zhak Mande Dagher wanyathelisa sokuhlanganiswa yi isithombe sitholwe obscura ikhamera, ephepheni. Ngo parallel, kanye-ke, ngokusobala ukuvulwa nokuthola imvume izithombe lokuqala basebenzile Genri Foks Talbot Zhozef Nisefor Neps. It Niepce e 1826 uthola reflection lokuqala fixed kanye sibonelo yesithombe. Ibambisane futhi asayine isivumelwano, Daguerre futhi Niepce uqale umsebenzi ukuthola yezithombe lokushicilela. Umphumela waba daguerreotypes - ukuthola umfanekiso ngokwanele ecacile ukuthi ubeke amapuleti lensimbi ungqimba esiliva iodide usebenzisa mercury ububi ngentukuthelo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwathatha isikhashana kuze daguerreotypes sokuba kokuqondisa stereo. Nabasunguli baye babhekana eziningi izinkinga: kuba senkingeni yezimali, kanye ngokungaqondi yabanye, siyoba yini ngempela ewusizo okusungulile izithombe. Njengoba esikhathini esizayo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa izithombe?

inqubo yokuthuthukisa

Izinto zashintsha emlandweni izithombe kufanele kubhekwe ezingezinhle icebo. Lokhu kuye kwavula amathuba amasha: Manje ngosizo engeyinhle enezithombe kungase kwandise izithombe bese ukopisha kubo, futhi kwaba ke futhi kwakungekho ngokoqobo yesimanje okusungulile izithombe. Usuku lokukhumbula lesi senzakalo esiphawulekayo - e 1841 - ukuthola umsunguli British uWilliam Henry Fox Talbot patent okwesikhathi calotypy indlela - ukuthola iphepha negative, kulandele ukubonakaliswa umfanekiso omuhle ephepheni hloroserebryanoy. Eziningana okutholakele ngokulandelana: ezimanzi collodion inqubo ngcono developability ka emulsion, umsebenzi ku izinto wezithombe kokusungulwa ungaphakathi ifilimu 1887 godu - inqubo okusheshayo ukuthuthukiswa kanye lula ukudalwa esithombeni. Ukuphela kwekhulu le-19, kuye kwanikeza isintu kungenzeka ngendlela kuqhathaniswa kuyashesha futhi kulula ukuthola fotografichesih izithombe, futhi ngokungangabazeki, kokusungulwa izithombe ngokwayo kwakushintsha emlandweni yobuciko.

Engeza ukugqama!

Isithombe sokuqala enezithombe ezithathwe umbala, etholwe esebenzisa amasethi amathathu. Ngaqala ukukhiqiza umbala izithombe Dzheyms Klark uMaxwell, futhi imiphumela yomsebenzi layo ukudubula usebenzisa ehlunga imibala imibala ebomvu, eziluhlaza kanye green wamshaya umphakathi. Umsebenzi kusekelwe ukutholakala, uthi inhlanganisela yalezi ngemibala emithathu anikeze noma iluphi luhlaza oyifunayo. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe umbala izithombe kwaba kude: inqubo uhlala kakhulu isikhathi. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 bezithombe yonke indawo wasebenzisa inqubo umbala izithombe omnyama nomhlophe, kodwa ngempela kokusungulwa umbala izithombe usuyafezeka nge kokusungulwa umbala ifilimu ngo-1935. Ngemva konyaka, isendalini umbala ifilimu 35 mm, futhi bekubonakala ke kwafika boom umbala izithombe, okuningi othengekayo umthengi isilinganiso.

Kusukela "ifilimu" ukuze "idijithi"

Kubonakala sengathi lokho sisesenjalo ukuphupha? Ukusungulwa kwe izithombe - angenye yezinto emlandweni. Kodwa umuntu wayefuna indlela yokuhlela eminye lula nesikhathi irisidi, nezithombe zokunyathelisa. Ingxenye-prototype lokuqala impumelelo futhi wamukele isithombe osheshayo - lokhu okusungulile ikhamera "Polaroid", okuyinto kweso kunyatheliswa izithombe ephepheni. Kodwa inqubo ukusebenza nalaba amakhamera kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga nesidingo ukuthola omagazini okukhethekile izithombe, kanye inani elilinganiselwe isibhamu. Kodwa maduze nje, ososayensi yamemezela lapha mayelana impumelelo, futhi kwakukhona entsha "digital" kokusungulwa izithombe. Usuku - 1975 - lokho lapho ikhamera okokuqala yasungulwa, okuyinto wakwazi ifotho nokuqopha isithombe eteyipini kazibuthe. isithombe isinqumo sokuqala 100 Amaphikseli 100 kuphela, futhi iteyipu kazibuthe kokuba isisindo amakhilogremu angaphezu kwamathathu! Esokuqala kwaba ukuthuthukiswa ikhamera compact ngu-Sony ngokuthi "Mavika", bese sesigcwele owathola nezinye onjiniyela. Izinkampani ligcwaliswe ukuthola ephakeme isixazululo, kokuthola kungenzeka ukurekhoda izithombe ifayela ehlukile benethuba ukulondolozwa olwengeziwe. A boom yangempela, futhi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi digital umbala amakhamera waqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21.

Ubuciko izithombe

Ukusungulwa kwe izithombe wanika abantu yokudala emathubeni amasha ngoba yokuzibeka. Njengomhlaba abadwebi bezithombe ukusebenzisa ukwakheka nokubukeka kwazo, umbala nokukhanya, uzama "catch" shot engcono, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isithombe sakho ku isithombe sangempela. Enni Leybovits, uHelen Levitt, Stiv Makkari, u-Erich Salomon - uhlu abadumile bezithombe amagama kungaba eside kakhulu, futhi ngayinye kuwo eyaduma Ikakhulu, abaseduze izithombe uhlobo. Kuze kube manje, wonke umuntu emhlabeni angakwazi okungenani kanye ukuzama isandla sakhe njengoba photographer. Art lidinga ukuzinikezela iphuzu elithile ukuthi umbhali ufuna ukudlulisela izithameli. Ingabe kunzima ukuqala ukuqopha ngokwakho?

Amathiphu Wabasaqalayo emakhosini

• Ukwakha isithombe ezithakazelisayo udinga ukugxila Ukwakheka, abembethe uzimele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungakwazi ukufunda imithetho Ukwakheka ezisebenza imidwebo, noma ukuzama, esikhiqiza yayo izici zayo sokudubula.
• Akubalulekile ukuxosha ubuchwepheshe kanye abafuna ukuthenga ikhamera ebizayo kakhulu futhi zanamuhla. Kukhethwa elikhulu saqala kungaba ithuluzi elula, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba uthole ulwazi oluyisisekelo izithombe, ungase futhi izame izinto, ezifana nokususa izinto usebenzisa ikhamera ifilimu.
• Kumila, okufanele khulula isebenze iyiphi photographer - befunde wensimu, ukujula yesibani esizungezile, ukubunjwa, umsebenzi kanye diaphragm. Kamuva, ungaqala ukwakha ngosizo ukukhanya nethunzi, ukuze ungeze umsebenzi izihlungi ahlukahlukene, kanye ufunde indlela ngobuciko ukusingatha izithombe izinhlelo abafanele.

Eyokuqala ifilimu

Ukusungulwa kwe izithombe ichazwe kafushane ngenhla esihlokweni, futhi yini ukusho mayelana nomlando ukuthuthukiswa cinema? Nabasunguli kwekhulu le-19 bazama izinhlelo ukuthi izodala i entry opopayi, ziphinde ngowokuqala owaphumelela kulo, babe abafowethu Lumiére. Ebonisa ngowokuqala iDemo isiqophi format 35 mm onesihloko esithi "Ukufika kwe-zemininingwane", "Phuma kusukela embonini," amaphayona cinema iningi labantu limdumisa obala futhi elinye ithuba ukuthuthukisa kule ndawo yobuciko.

ukuthuthukiswa cinema

Izinto zashintsha emlandweni cinema kwaba ukukhululwa kwe-movie "The Jazz Umculi" ngo-1927, lapho ifilimu senziwa futhi yamemezela. ukuthuthukiswa Eminye - is esingu ngombala ifilimu "Gone ne-Wind" ngo-1939, futhi ushintsho okugcwele umbala ukuqopha senzeke emuva 60s kwekhulu lama-20. A mkhuba eqabukwayo ubuciko kakade akuniké amafilimu mkhulu izinhlobo ezehlukene. Iqiniso lokuthi ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze kwakubonakala akunakwenzeka futhi ngiyaphupha, namuhla is ehlanganiswe ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga kanye computer. iqembu elikhulu ongoti abasebenza ukudalwa amafilimu adala umkhiqizo wokugcina. The movie best of sonke isikhathi ubizwa kufanele uqashelwe ngokuthi "Nosferatu" (1922, dir. F. Murnau), "I-Samurai Seven" (1954, dir. A. Kurosawa), "Umtfumbu Fiction" (1994, dir. K. tarantino), "i-Apocalypse manje" (2003, dir. F. F. Koppola) nezinye amabhayisikobho amaningi.

amathemba ukuthuthukiswa

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi manje imboni yamabhayisikobho ifuna izixazululo ezintsha kokwethula imicabango netingcikitsi, tisombululo kwezobuciko nezindlela processing computer. Inkinga ebaluleke cinema yesimanje inkinga copyright futhi ukudunwa, ukusatshalaliswa khulula umkhiqizo osuphelile ku-intanethi. Yini wamangaza ebhayisikobho esikhathini esizayo nokuthi yini iziyisikhombisa uzobe basungula ukulawula umkhiqizo yobuciko? Kuphela isikhathi sizophendula le mibuzo.