Ukulandelela iphepha Leningrad - iphepha

Igama kuvela kusukela ukope isiFulentshi - French. calque, okusho ukuthi ikhophi stencil. Kube umkhiqizo ukukhanya umkhakha isikhathi eside - eminyaka ambalwa adlule, lapho lusetshenziswa emhlabeni abaklami, abaculi, futhi majors ubunjiniyela njenganoma yikuphi elihlobene ne ukukopisha imidwebo, imidwebo, amaqhinga ahlukahlukene. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi isipele wawenziwa ngokubheja iphepha kufunwe kuya sibonga yasekuqaleni ukuba obala ayo, uchaza wesifunda. Le ndlela lizimelele ezimpilweni zethu, futhi usizi noma injabulo, isetshenziswa manje.

Lokho kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kufunwe iphepha izinjongo ezifana? Yiqiniso izinga, ezifana kwabantu kanye ukushuba (eqinisweni - a obala). Esobala iphepha kufunwe high ingatholakala namuhla ngezindlela eziningana - ngokwandisa degree ukugaya Schopper-Riggleru (kufika ku-94 degrees) kanye calendering. Okwesibili, le ndlela kuyabiza, kodwa, ngokuvumelana, kuvumela ukuthola kwabantu ephakeme kanye ukumelana ukudabuka at obala kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa futhi wasebenzisa inhlanganisela kubo, njengoba uhlobo ebucayini. Ukuba isebenzise lo mzila waya, isibonelo, onjiniyela tracings kweLeningrad, okwasisiza ukuba uthole kudingekile iphepha ukope izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu, emazingeni ngentengo ephansi. Uma kuqhathaniswa Soviet tracings izici (GOST 892-70) wathi iphepha tracings Leningrad, wazibona njengabaphakeme Gostovskaya ukuminyana yesibili, amandla (isb. E. ukujiya ngokuyisisekelo) ngesikhathi esifanayo hhayi eliphansi in obala. Lo mkhiqizo isetshenziswa zokuphetha njengoba ink (inki ukope isetshenziswa ukukopisha imidwebo, "uyisidala"), futhi "ipensela", bese uvumele ukusetshenziswa amazinga aphezulu iphepha kufunwe, ngisho bayobhaka kuhhavini. Njengoba ukope kusala iphepha, harmlessness bathole ezinye zezici zalo inquma isicelo, kuhlanganise embonini yezokudla (isib cushioning impahla phakathi zokuthutha imikhiqizo). Kubalulekile sikusho amaphethini ukukhiqizwa lapho abathungela umkhakha, ngoba kukhona ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye lidinga impahla esobala futhi acinene okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokunemba cutting.

With ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe, oyingqayizivele, iphepha kufunwe uthola izicelo ezimbalwa ikhophi efanayo imidwebo, kwakunabanye CAD futhi isidingo imidwebo ikhipha eziyinkimbinkimbi sinyamalale, kodwa kuyafaneleka ethi umkhiqizo ithole ukuphila wesibili digital ukunyathelisa futhi ukukopisha imidwebo ngu electrophotography. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, umkhakha eziningi ukukhanya ngisho manje ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kufunwe iphepha, kanye aphume mncintiswano, kunzima ukuqoba nasembonini emakethe. Nje umbuzo lapho ukuthenga iphepha kufunwe, wholesale noma okudayisa, yini intengo ku sokulandela iphepha manje? Phela, iningi Soviet owabuyisela umngcele nokukhiqiza-amateyipu amasha proizvodstennyh usebenze amapayipi amasha ezikhiqiza kufunwe. Ubunzima ukukhipha ukunikezela is hhayi waphawula. Emakethe kukhona imikhiqizo emisha, ezifana kufunwe iphepha Leningrad, okuyinto suppresses izinga yabo olungenakuqhathaniswa futhi zisekela izimo supply. Indlela umkhiqizo ukukhuthazwa ulula - inhlanganisela anekhono ukusetshenziswa izinga izivakashi amaSoviet nasemakamu ezobuchwepheshe, sibonga okuzelwe ephelele iresiphi izimpahla.