Emagama DNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - uhlobo ekuphileni umdwebo ikhodi eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho idatha sangena Imininingwane sitholwa njengefa. Lokhu macromolecule eziyinkimbinkimbi uyakwazi ukugcina bese sidlulisela ukwaziswa lezinceku zofuzo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

DNA ichaza izakhiwo ezinjalo yimuphi umzimba ophilayo njengoba ifa kanye kokuhlukana. Ukwaziswa kwesimiso sezakhi iqalisa lonke uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwanoma iyiphi eziphilayo. Okushintshwe izici esingokwemvelo ukunquma yonke inkambo yokuphila komuntu. Ukungenelela kwe-odokotela noma imiphumela engokwemvelo imvelo ungakwazi encane kuphela kuthinte kobukhulu isiyonke ngezici ezithile zofuzo noma ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa izinqubo pre-zahlelwa.

DNA ikhodi emagama okuyinto akanalo nje ngesayensi kodwa SIZUZISA, ivumela odokotela ukuba afeze ukuvimbela lezo zifo lapho umuntu beyizidlova ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Ukwazi mayelana timphawu tesakhiwo ufuzo lesiguli, udokotela uyakwazi ukubikezela ukusabela komzimba ukuze umthelela imvelo, ukubikezela isifo umphumela kanye kusebenta izidakamizwa ethize, njll

La ma-molecule ye nucleic acid ezihlanganiswe oda esithile, ukulawula zonke izinqubo of zamagama amaprotheni enzyme ukulawula exchange of energy kanye izinto emzimbeni womuntu. Isakhiwo amaphrotheni kanye nemisebenzi yabo kunqunywa amino acid esuka lapho yakhiwa. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa ngomyalo lezi amino acid e-molecule amaprotheni.

Uma sicabangela izingqimba ezijulile DNA, ukubunjwa yayo kunqunywa izinhlobo ezine nucleotide: thymidylic (T), i-adenine ihambisane (A), i-guanine ne (G) bese cytidylic (C). Sheer macromolecule camera chromosome ifinyelela ubude 1 imitha. Uhlonze lwalo Ngakho elilingana nanometer eyodwa kuphela (eyodwa kweziyizigidi eziyinkulungwane imitha).

ifomula DNA njengoba uhlamvu entry nucleotide ukulandelanisa lapha. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube yefomu: AGTCATGCCAG.

DNA bekulokhu isihloko ososayensi ucwaningo amashumi eminyaka. Iqiniso lokuthi izakhi zofuzo kukhona izingxenye ezihlukene deoxyribonucleic acid molecule ebekwa phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi babeqiniseka ukuthi lezi zingxenye molecule obhekene isakhiwo amaprotheni.

Kule ke kwahlonzwa ubudlelwano phakathi isakhiwo amakhemikhali izingxenye molecule e-DNA ne amaprotheni molecule ngokwabo. Ingqikithi lokhu kwencika wukuthi oda ilungiselelo le-DNA amaprotheni sifana oda amayunithi isakhi DNA (nucleotide) e isakhi sofuzo.

Ukutholakala kwaba wamavukelambuso ngokuya ukuqonda okushiwo DNA ecashile. Sokuqonda isimiso sezakhi zofuzo ukuvumele ososayensi ukuba sisondelane naye izimfihlo oyinhloko ulwazi zofuzo zomuntu.

Ikhodi zofuzo umuntu liqoshwe njengombhali ethile nucleotide ukulandelana ayinhloko Imininingwane yenethiwekhi - DNA. Sokuqonda isakhiwo macromolecules ngo-1953 waba yipumelelo ekulu umlando wezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Ngegalelo lakhe le Dzh.Uotson ukutholakala, F.Krik M.Uilkins futhi abangu unongorwana owaziwa ngeNobel.

DNA emagama kudinga isikhathi esiningi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwelinye molecule deoxyribonucleic acid iqukethe omningi idatha, ikhodi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngekhodi. I-nucleus elilodwa iseli ongama kuyinto inani Imininingwane ukuthi zingacishe zigcwale Amakhasi izigidi ezingu-encyclopedia yesayensi.

Okokuqala funda okusha ngezakhi zofuzo zomuntu e okusalungiswa lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi kuhlulekile ngo-2001, nakuba ngokuphelele ekupheleni yephrojekthi wathatha iminyaka emibili eyengeziwe. Ukuze iphrojekthi sasetshenziswa kwezigidi ezingu-300 zamaRandi, ke kwaba khona abangu-nezinhlangano ezimbalwa ngokwesayensi.

Ufuzo ephelele ukuqopha senziwe 2007. Isabelomali phrojekthi zaba $ 1 million.

Namuhla, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-DNA-emagama we-chromosomes womuntu," kuthatha indawo eyodwa isitshalo, futhi izindleko zalo yehlile kurekhodi wonke umlando wangaphambilini. Kuyinto ilingana dollar ayinkulungwane 50.