I jikelele isimiso sezakhi zofuzo

Ikhodi zofuzo - kuyinto ukubethela Imininingwane ekhethekile lezinceku usebenzisa molecule of acid nucleic. Kususelwa kule code Imininingwane izakhi zofuzo kulawulwe ngendlela efanele zamagama amaprotheni enzyme emzimbeni, kanjalo ngokuchaza umzimba. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, isakhiwo amaprotheni ngabanye kanye umsebenzi wabo kubangelwa indawo kanye nokwakheka amino acid - amayunithi isakhi engqamuzaneni amaprotheni.

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule ke sekutholakale ufuzo, okuyizinto ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ka-deoxyribonucleic acid (esifushanisiwe - DNA). link nucleotide ifomu ka molecule e-DNA isici Strand double, eqoqwe ngesimo Kuvunguza.

Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi izakhi zofuzo kanye isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali amaprotheni ngabanye, ngokuyisisekelo esakhiwa ngo iphuzu lokuthi ukuhlela isakhi amino acid e amangqamuzana amaprotheni elihambela- oda nucleotide e isakhi sofuzo. Njengoba wakuqinisekisa lokhu ubuhlobo, abacwaningi wanquma wokufunda isimiso sezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, ukusungula imithetho oda efanele isakhi nucleotide e-DNA nama-amino acid amaprotheni.

Kunezinhlobo ezine kuphela izinhlobo nucleotide:

1) - i-adenine,

2) G - guanine;

3) T - thymidylic;

4) D - cytidylic.

Isakhiwo izinhlobo amabili abalulekile amino acid wamaprotheni kuhlanganisiwe. Nge sokuqonda ikhodi yofuzo, sabhekana nobunzima ngoba nucleotide Imbalwa kakhulu aminoskislot. Ekuxazululeni le nkinga, kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi ama-amino acid kuthiwa okubhalwe by inhlanganisela ezahlukene nucleotide amathathu (olubizwa ngokuthi i codon noma triplet).

Uma sibona zonke inhlanganisela kunokwenzeka le ezintathu kungaba 64, okusho kathathu aminingi ukudlula ama-amino acid - ke kuvela ezintathu ngokweqile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakudingeka ukuchaza kahle indlela ezintathu zitholakala eduze izici zofuzo. Ngakho kukhona ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko-mbono:

1) ezintathu ulandele nomunye ngokuqhubekayo, isb yakha ikhodi okuqhubekayo;

2) ezintathu ahlelwe yanjalo izingxenye "lutho", okungukuthi ayakha lokho okuthiwa "ikhefu" futhi "izigaba" ikhodi;

3) ezintathu zinto zingase zicishe zifane, isb ekupheleni triplet wokuqala kungaba akha ekuqaleni olandelayo.

Njengamanje ikakhulu esebenzisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ikhodi phambili.

isimiso sezakhi zofuzo futhi izakhiwo zalo

1) ikhodi triplet - liqukethe inhlanganisela ngokungadingekile le-nucleotide amathathu ukwakha codons.

2) Ikhodi izakhi zofuzo eziphindaphindekayo - kuba nemiphumela ka triplet yakhe. Omunye acid acid angase okubhalwe ngu ezingaphezu kweyodwa codon njengoba codon ku izibalo, ngokuphindwe kathathu ngaphezu le amino acid. Eziningana ekunqanyulweni codons ekufezeni imisebenzi ethile: kungenzeka ukuba abanye babe "amasignali stop 'ezikhulunyelwa zahlelwa ukukhiqizwa ophela acid acid uchungechunge, kuyilapho abanye bengase ukumela emizameni yokuthuthukisa ikhodi wokufundwayo.

3) Ikhodi izakhi zofuzo ocacile - codon ngamunye ingafanisa eyodwa kuphela-amino acid.

4) ikhodi Genetic has collinearity, isb i-nucleotide nama-amino acid ukulandelana luhambisane ngokucacile komunye nomunye.

5) Ikhodi eqoshiwe ngokuqhubekayo futhi icwecwe, "umbhedo" nucleotide azikho. Iqala ngokuchaza triplet, okuyinto esikhundleni okulandelayo ayimi futhi liphethe ngamazwi codon ukunqanyulwa.

6) Ikhodi izakhi zofuzo jikelele - yimuphi izakhi zofuzo umzimba encode amaprotheni nse. It akuxhomekile ezingeni obulukhuni inhlangano i umzimba noma uhlelo isimo.

isayensi lwanamuhla lubonisa ukuthi isimiso sezakhi zofuzo kuvela ngokushesha ukuzalwa umzimba omusha sendaba ithambo. izinguquko okungahleliwe nezinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze senze kube nokwenzeka noma iyiphi ikhodi ongakhetha, okusho amino acid angase ezazijikeleziswa nganoma yikuphi ukuhleleka. Kungani ngokuhamba kwemvelo eye yasinda ncamashi lolu hlobo ikhodi, kungani ikhodi ufundwa emhlabeni wonke futhi has a isakhiwo esifanayo? Isayensi eqhubeka efunda mkhuba isimiso sezakhi zofuzo, kuba ilapho zithola okwengeziwe yezimfihlakalo entsha.