Ukwahlukanisa receptor. Isithokela, ezibukwayo, nociceptors

Kuyini anatomy? Kuyinto isayensi okuyinto etadisha izici zomzimba womuntu. Ukwahlukanisa receptor nokushukunyiswa futhi libhekisela izindaba yesiyalo. kanjani ngowokuqala elihlobene ne-yesibili? Kulula kabi. On umzimba njalo nabantu abacabanga kanjalo ezihlukahlukene enkulu ezintweni, receptor zethu zamukela kubo ngokukhetha, konke kuncike indawo yabo futhi isakhiwo. Nerve kumiswa ubizwa nangokuthi Uhlelo oluphathelene nemizwa, ukudluliswa kwe-umuzwa iyezwa isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezenza, kodwa qala ukwahlukanisa izinzwa:

• Eyes.
• Izindlebe.
• Sense izitho adonsela phansi.
• Ulimi.
• Ikhala.
• Isikhumba.

Kungani sidinga ama-receptor

Zonke abadinga ulwazi olufana enikezwa imvelo. Okokuqala kubalulekile ukuze ahlinzeke ngokwabo ngokudla nangokwenama ikakhulukazi wobulili obuhlukile ukuze bazivikele engozini futhi orientation emkhathini. Konke lokhu kunikeza lezi zakhiwo emsipheni. Ukwahlukanisa receptor - ngokuqinisekile inkinga ebalulekile, kodwa hhayi ngaphambi isignali sihlaziye izinhlobonhlobo nokuwenza.

ezizihluphayo

Basuke oluthathwa by izici ezilandelayo:

• Modality.
• Amandla okwenza.

Ngokuqondene nephuzu lokuqala, ezenzeka ngaphandle ukuhlukanisa phakathi ezishisayo, ugesi, mechanical, osmotic, amakhemikhali, ukukhanya, nabanye abaningi. Basuke ngocansi ngqo nge amandla izinhlobo ezahlukene, isb, ezishisayo, hhayi Akumangazi, idluliselwa nge izinga lokushisa njalo njalo.

Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu, bahlukene zibe ezishukumisa ezanele futhi ungakufanelekeli lokhu, kubalulekile ukukhuluma kancane ngaphezulu.

nokwanela

Okubalulekile emangalisayo umqondo ohlakaniphile Fridriha Engelsa, owayekholelwa ukuthi izinzwa - lokhu iyona ndlela okuyiyona zobuchopho. He is impela kahle, ngoba konke esikubonayo, uzizwa nokuzwa - kuba inzuzo izitho umqondo futhi receptor, futhi ukukhuthazwa esidlule - lena ingxenye yokuqala emhlabeni ngaphandle kokwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi ukunambitheka efihlekile , esizizwa ngayo, lapho sizizwa Ukuthanda ukudla (ebabayo, okunosawoti, okumuncu noma sweet), ukuluma kwamehlo ka-receptor ukusibonisa umuzwa ukukhanya, noma ukuntula yalo.

I umfutho kuwo yokwamukela isetshenziswa, ibizwa ngokuthi ezanele. Isibonelo esihle ukukhonza ulimi receptor. Lapho ibekwe ku umlomo wanoma yimuphi izidakamizwa sizizwa ukunambitheka, ezifana ebabayo, ezinosawoti, ezinoshukela, noma omuncu. amehlo retina ithumba amaza okukhanya, ngakho siyaqonda ukuthi ukukhanya ivuliwe.

yokungafaneleki

yokwamukela izakhiwo zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kodwa, ekhuluma mayelana ukungeneli ezishukumisa kungathiwa elandelayo: bedle amandla lapho yokwamukela is ezingafanelanga, ngokuthi abangelutho ingxenye emizweni, ezifana ukushukuma lapho ezanele. Izibonelo umuntu abanjwe ugesi, noma ukuluma kwesikhumba zamakhemikhali.

Uma i-retina lithole ukushukuma mechanical, kuzoba khona umuzwa ukukhanya, into okuthiwa "phosphenes". Noma ithola umuntu abanjwe ugesi endlebeni sikwazi ukuzwa umsindo, kodwa ukwehluleka mechanical kungabangela ukunambitheka.

Ukwahlukanisa receptor: izitho zomzimba

Ngeka-ezishukumisa siqonda, manje ngihlalé udaba kubaluleke ngezinga elifanayo. Ukuze uqonde lo mshini wezenzo ka yokwamukela ngezigaba kubalulekile. Ukuqala ukuqaqa iyindaba isimiso isakhiwo se-indlela yokubusa kwabantu sezinzwa, ukhethe imisebenzi eyisisekelo, ake sixoxe lithathelwe. Okokuqala, ngohlobo yokwamukela ngezigaba siqukethe lokhu okulandelayo:

• Zobuhlungu.
• Ukubeka amabala.
• Ezenza ukucacisa isikhundla lomzimba zayo emkhathini.
• Ukuzwa.
• Okuthintekayo.
• Olfactory.
• Ukunambitheka.

Lokhu akulona nje ngezigaba receptor, ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo ngokwahlukana ukukhululwa kwe nezinye izimfanelo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwasendaweni (ngaphakathi nangaphandle), ubunjalo yothintana naye (contact nokude), zamabanga aphansi naphezulu.

receptor bangaphandle banomthwalo ukuzwa, emehlweni, ukuhogela ukunambitheka. Icala yangaphakathi of the system zemisipha kanye isimo izitho zangaphakathi.

isigaba Okwesibili, siye sabona lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo receptor: elikude, okungukuthi, lezo ukuthola isignali buqamama (umbono noma ukuzwa), kanye oxhumana ezidinga ukuthintana ngqo, ezifana ukunambitheka.

Ngokuqondene division zibe zamabanga aphansi naphezulu, eqenjini lokuqala yilezo ukuguqula yokucasuka umfutho kule namangqamuzana ezinzwa lokuqala (isibonelo: lokuhogela), kanti eyesibili - ne cell yokwamukela (isibonelo: ukunambitheka noma indawo ewumbukwane).

isakhiwo

Uma sicabanga isakhiwo se-receptor womuntu, kungenzeka ukwaba izimiso eziyisisekelo ezifana:

1. A sebuningini cell izingqimba, okungukuthi: yokwamukela sezinzwa exhumene iseli ungqimba wokuqala kanye ungqimba lokugcina umqhubi ukuba cortex cerebral nokuningi ngokunembile ukuze motor neuron izindawo zayo. Lesi sici sivumela i-ijubane processing eliphezulu kakhulu amasignali engenayo kusetshenzwe ngaso uhlelo ungqimba wokuqala.
2. Ukuze uthole ukunemba kanye ukuthembeka ukudluliselwa amasignali emsipheni enikeziwe multipathing. Njengoba kuchazwe indima yokugcina, ohlelweni inzwa has a sebuningini izingqimba, baphakela babe kusuke emashumini ambalwa ezinkulungwane izigidi eziningana amaseli adlulisa ulwazi ungqimba olandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sici inikeza nokwethenjelwa analysis eningiliziwe isiginali.
3. Ukwakheka asemigodini. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela la mangqamuzana e-retina. Ngo-retina uqobo, kukhona izingalo eziyikhulu namashumi amathathu izigidi receptor, kodwa ungqimba kwesigidi, iyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu ganglion amaseli, okuyinto izikhathi eziyikhulu ezincane. Singasho ukuthi kukhona olugcwele uphondo. Lisho ukuthini? Yonke imininingwane engadingekile siqedwa, owawubumba ngesikhathi izigaba elandelayo emangala uphondo, esinikela sithuthukiswe isignali ukuhlaziywa.
4. Ukwehlukanisa thwi kanye nendawo. Eyokuqala Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-neminyango, ehlanganisa izingqimba futhi enze noma yimuphi umsebenzi owodwa. Eyesibili luyadingeka amaseli kudingeka lihlukaniswe amakilasi ngaphakathi ungqimba efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha umbono, okusebenza iziteshi ezimbili nje, okuyinto benza umsebenzi wabo ngendlela ehlukileko.

yokwamukela umsebenzi

Analyser ngokuthi ingxenye isimiso sezinzwa ukuthi inezigaba eziningana: i-amagesi, nerve izindlela futhi izingxenye zobuchopho.

zonke izingxenye ezintathu yilezi:

1. Receptor.
2. Guides.
3. zobuchopho.

Umsebenzi wawo njengoba umuntu, okungukuthi, amasignali ukuziqonda wekucala, wesibili baziyisa ubuchopho, futhi eyesithathu ihlaziya ulwazi. Amanzi ahamba lonke uhlelo ekuvumelaniseni ukuqinisekisa ngokuyinhloko ukuphepha zabantu kanye nezinye ophilayo.

ithebula

Sinikeza ukugqamisa izici eziyinhloko ohlelweni lonke inzwa, kulolu sikunikeza itafula.

izakhiwo receptor

Ingabe uphenyo eminye. Manje udinga ukukhomba izakhiwo eyinhloko yokwamukela. Eyokuqala sizobe ushayele selectivity. Into wukuthi iningi yokwamukela abantu iqondiswa ukwamukela eyodwa kuphela uhlobo isignali, ezifana ukukhanya noma umsindo, basengozini kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo amasignali, ukuzwela kuphezulu kakhulu. Yokwamukela ijabule kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi kuthola isignali ubuncane leyo wethula umqondo wegama elithi "excitation embundwini."

Impahla wesibili ngqo uhlobene nowokuqala, futhi kuzwakala njengoba ongaphakeme embundwini Inani ezishukumisa ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha umbono esiqukethe isiginali ubuncane, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze shisisa ngemililitha ngokuligeza ngamanzi degree elilodwa Celsius kakhulu ngendlela iminyaka eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha. Ngakho, ukusabela kungenzeka futhi ungakufanelekeli lokhu ezishukumisa ezifana kagesi kanye mechanical, kuphela zinhlobo ezinjalo, ngokulandelana, umbundu iphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle osekushiwo, kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili imibundu:

• ngokuphelele,
• umehluko.

Okokuqala ukunquma ukubaluleka aphansi, ziqondakala umzimba, kuyilapho yokugcina kusivumela ukuhlukanisa ngezinga sokukhanyisa, shades of imibala ehlukene, nokunye, okungukuthi, umehluko phakathi ezintweni ezimbili.

Esinye isici esibaluleke kakhulu sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni - lithathelwe. Futhi izinhlelo sethu sezinzwa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zangaphandle.

lithathelwe

Le nqubo akuhileli nje kuphela la mangqamuzana amasistimu sezinzwa, kodwa konke Icwele. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Impela wamane, embundwini excitation, okuyinto thina kubaluliwe phambilini, lokhu akulona njalo. Nge lithathelwe bayashintsha, ziphelelwa ebucayi ukuze ecasulayo njalo. Ingabe unayo iwashi ekhaya? Awunayo banake liyancencetha labo laphakade, ngoba ama-receptor yakho (kuleli cala ukuzwa) abe akanandaba umfutho inikezwe. Futhi ezinye zidle isikhathi futhi okuyisidina ezishukumisa siye ithuthukiswe amasosha omzimba.

Ukuzijwayeza izinqubo encompass efihlekile nje kuphela kodwa futhi zonke izingxenye izinhlelo sezinzwa. Ukuzijwayeza izingxenye neuropathy kubonakala yokuthi ama-receptor excitation imibundu akuzona njalo. Ngokwandisa imibundu ka excitation, t. E. Nciphisa yokwamukela ukuzwela, kukhona lithathelwe kuya ezishukumisa okuyisidina eside. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu akabi nawo umuzwa ukucindezela njalo esikhumbeni izingubo zakhe, akazange phawula liyancencetha okuqhubekayo kwewashi.

Receptor futhi isigaba tonic

Qaphela ukuthi yonke receptor zihlukaniswe zibe:

• ngokushesha zivumelane nezimo,
• kancane yokuvumelana.

Futhi, obizwa nangokuthi Isigaba sokuqala anike tiphakamiso ezintweni kuphela ekuqaleni kanye ekupheleni ubuqiniso bayo, kodwa yesibili (tonic) Thumela amasignali okuqhubekayo ohlelweni lethu sezinzwa owawubhalwe ngaso sasivumela eside.

Kusadingeka ukwazi ukuthi lithathelwe kungenziwa ephelezelwa kokubili i ukwanda kanye ukwehla excitability we yokwamukela. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi uya ekukhanyeni egumbini elimnyama, kulesi simo, kukhona ukwanda excitability, okokuqala ubona izinto ezikhanyayo, futhi kuphela ke mnyama. Icala reverse, uma kwathatha licace, sonke siyazi inkulumo ethi "ukukhanya libuhlungu amehlo akho" Egumbini elimnyama, thina schurimsya ngenxa yokuthi ama-receptor zethu kabusha, futhi kunciphisa excitability we-photoreceptors zethu okwenzeka okuthiwa lithathelwe amnyama.

umthethonqubo

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi isimiso sezinzwa somzimba womuntu uyakwazi ukulawula, konke kuncike nezidingo zakho ngesikhathi esithile. Uma indoda kumile evele uqala umsebenzi ngokomzimba, nozwela receptor (system zemisipha) kwandisa kakhulu. Kuqakatheke ngani? Ukuze kube lula bezibona ukwaziswa okuhlobene isimo of the system zemisipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu inqubo lithathelwe kungathinta receptor nezinye izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha indlebe uma lithathelwe ke yashintsha futhi ukuhamba izingxenye ezifana:

• isando,
• anvil
• stapes.

Okungukuthi, abangabantwana ossicles sokuzwa of maphakathi nendlebe.

okutholakele

Kufinyeta osekushiwo, sizokwenza futhi ukhethe imisebenzi core inzwa yethu izinhlelo: isignali ukuthola, ukubandlulula, ukuguqulela omunye hlobo luni lwamandla kolunye (nerve ngiyibona), isiginali yokudlulisela ibe nezinye zamatshe inzwa izinhlelo, ukuqashelwa kwezithombe. imphawu letibalulekile kunjengoba izinto ezilandelayo: selectivity, embundwini eliphansi impendulo ezintweni ezifanele, ikhono avumelane nendawo ezikuyo. Siphinde kubhekwe izinto ebalulekile enjengesifundo isakhiwo kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba izinhlelo sezinzwa, Ukwahlukaniswa izimfanelo ezahlukene ezintweni, lithathelwe.