Biology: amaseli. Isakhiwo, umsebenzi, umsebenzi

iseli biology ngokuvamile waziwa ngayinye yezifundo zezikole. Siphakamisa ukuthi uphinde asifunda kanye, kanye ukuthola into entsha ngakho. Igama elithi "ingqamuzana" kwahlongozwa emuva 1665 by eyiNgisi Robert uHooke. Nokho, kuphela ekhulwini le-19-ke waqala ukutadisha ngendlela ehlelekile. Ososayensi anentshisekelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, indima kumaseli emzimbeni. Zingase sakhiwa ezihlukahlukene kwezitho ezahlukene kanye nokuqukethwe eziphilayo (amaqanda, ama-bacterium, ekupholiseni izinzwa, erythrocyte), noma kube eziphilayo ezizimele (lenyama). Naphezu ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo, imisebenzi kanye nesakhiwo kubo itholakala kuningi abafana ngakho.

iseli umsebenzi

bangabaphingi bonke ezahlukene yobujamo ngokuvamile umsebenzi. Kungahluka ngempela kakhulu futhi yakhe izicubu amaseli bese izitho zomzimba. Nokho, iseli biology uqokomisa izici esivela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabo. Kuyinto njalo zamagama amaprotheni. Le nqubo ilawulwa apharathasi zofuzo. Iseli okungahambisani synthesize amaprotheni, ngokuyisisekelo efile. Kwengqamuzana ephilayo - nguye kabani izingxenye ukushintsha sonke isikhathi. Nokho, amakilasi eyinhloko izinto ngesikhathi esifanayo zihlala zinjalo.

Zonke izinqubo kuseli zenziwa usebenzisa amandla. Lokhu ukudla, ukuphefumula, imifanekiso, umzimba. Ngakho-ke, kwengqamuzana ephilayo libhekene iqiniso ukuthi kwenzeka sonke isikhathi amandla umzimba. Ngamunye wabo wabelane esibalulekile - ikhono ukugcina amandla futhi ngogwayi. Phakathi kwezinye izici zihlanganisa division kanye nobuhlungu.

Zonke amangqamuzana aphilayo angaphendula ushintsho amakhemikhali noma ngokomzimba imvelo eziwazungezile. Le mpahla libizwa excitability noma ukuphatheka kabi. Amaseli kuyahlukahluka phezu excitation nokubuna izinga izinto biosynthesis, izinga lokushisa, umoya-mpilo ukusetshenziswa. Kuleli zinga abasenzela imisebenzi eyinqaba kubo.

iseli isakhiwo

isakhiwo sayo kunzima ngempela, nakuba kubhekwa ngendlela elula zokuphila isayensi ezifana biology. Amaseli ahlelwe ketshezi intercellular. It ibanikeze ukuphefumula, ukudla kanye namandla lokukhanda. Nucleus futhi cytoplasm - yezingxenye esemqoka yengqamuzana ngayinye. Ngamunye wabo embozwe isici ukwakhiwa ulwelwesi okuyiwona --molecule. Biology wathola ukuthi ulwelwesi siqukethe sebuningini molecule. Basuke ahlelwe izingqimba eziningana. Ngenxa izinto ulwelwesi ukungena ngokukhetha. izakhiwo kencanikhulu - organelles atholakala cytoplasm. Lokhu reticulum endoplasmic, mitochondria, ribosomes, iseli centre, Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, lysosomes. Lokho kuzokwenza uqonde ukuthi amaseli bheka, sihlola izindawo okwakubulawelwa kuzo izibalo okwethulwa kulesi sihloko.

ulwelwesi

Uma sicabanga plant cells ngokusebenzisa isibonakhulu (isibonelo, impande anyanisi) ungabona ukuthi lizungezwe igobolondo sasivumela obukhulu. Sine Axon giant squid, igobolondo lapho i nature ehluke ngokuphelele. Nokho, yena unquma ukuthi imaphi izinto kufanele noma akufanele bavunyelwe ukungena Axon. Cell ulwelwesi umsebenzi liqukethe yokuthi ke iyindlela ezengeziwe ngokuvikela cell ulwelwesi. Ulwelwesi wabiza "inqaba cell udonga." Nokho, lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela ngomqondo wokuthi livikela futhi insulates elikuqukethe.

Futhi ulwelwesi kanye okuqukethwe yangaphakathi yengqamuzana ngayinye ngokuvamile yakhiwa ngama-athomu efanayo. Sikhuluma-carbon, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen. Lezi ama-athomu kukhona ekuqaleni ishadi lesikhathi. Ulwelwesi kuyinto ngesihlungo yamangqamuzana, lincane kakhulu (ukushuba e ayizinkulungwane 10 izikhathi ezincane kuno ukushuba we izinwele). ikhule ezimbotsheni wakhe zifane eside, amavesi ewumngcingo wenza udonga edolobheni ephakathi. ebubanzini nasekujuleni kwazo, ukuphakama ngaphansi kobude izikhathi 10. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emigodini ngesihlungo ezingajwayelekile kakhulu. Ezinye ikhule ezimbotsheni iseli luthathe kuphela eyodwa kweziyisigidi isabelo yonke indawo ulwelwesi.

core

Cell Biology futhi ezithakazelisayo ikhenela ngokombono. Kuyinto organelle ngobukhulu, kuqala yabakhanga ososayensi. Ngo-1981, i-nucleus kwatholakala Robert Brown, usosayensi Scottish. Lokhu organelle uhlobo uhlelo cybernetic, lapho isitoreji, ukucubungula, bese bathunyelwe cytoplasm, ivolumu esikhulu kakhulu. I-nucleus kubaluleke kakhulu kule nqubo ye ifa, lapho kudlala indima enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza umsebenzi ukuvuselelwa ukuthi uyakwazi ukubuyisela bomzimba cell. Lokhu organelle ulawula yonke cell umsuka ezinkulu. Njengoba for ukuma nucleus, avame kuba eyindilinga futhi ovoid. Chromatin - okuyiyona ngxenye ebaluleke kakhulu lokhu organelle. Le into, okuyinto kahle ngesineke upende okhethekile zenuzi.

Ulwelwesi double ehlukanisa nucleus kusukela cytoplasm. Lokhu ulwelwesi lihlotshaniswa Golgi reticulum eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi endoplasmic. On ulwelwesi zenuzi has ikhule ezimbotsheni lapho abanye izinto kudlule kalula, kanti abanye abanalo kube nzima. Ngakho, permeability of franchise.

ubisi Nuclear - lokhu core okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi. It igcwalisa esikhaleni elise phakathi izakhiwo zalo. Ngempela ekhona nucleoli nucleus (elilodwa noma ambalwa). Bakha ribosome. Kukhona okusobala phakathi usayizi umsebenzi nucleoli cell: i nucleoli kunangendlela ngenkuthalo kwenzeka amaprotheni biosynthesis; futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumaseli nge zamagama elinganiselwe noma bona lumane noma engabalulekile.

Ngo-nucleus kukhona chromosome. Lokhu kumiswa ngentambo-like ekhethekile. Ngaphandle nobulili, kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana has 46 Ama-chromosomes e zomzimba womuntu. Baloba ulwazi mayelana izici lezinceku i umzimba, okuyinto adluliselwa inzalo.

Amaseli ngokuvamile umongo owodwa, kodwa kukhona amaseli multinucleated (imisipha, isibindi, njll). Uma ususa i-nucleus, engxenyeni esele okuvela kuyo le cell ngiyoba nonviable.

cytoplasm

I cytoplasm kuyinto kungekho nto enemibala emihle semisolid mass mucosa. Iqukethe mayelana 75-85% amanzi, mayelana 10-12% of the ama-amino acid kanye namaprotheni, 4-6% carbohydrate, kusukela 2 kuya ku-3% lipids namafutha, futhi 1% kanti ezinye nezinye izinto wezinto ezingaphili.

Okuqukethwe amaseli ise cytoplasm, uyakwazi ukuhambisa. Ngenxa yalesi organelles ngokufanele ibekwe, futhi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali zingcono njengoba inqubo kwemihlambi imikhiqizo umzimba. Okunye zokwakheka emelelwa cytoplasm fibre: neziqu eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, flagella, cilia. Cytoplasm ogcwele anezikhala uhlelo (vacuolar) eyakhiwa izikhwama isicaba, izitsha eziyisikhombisa, tubules sixhumene. Basuke ehlangene yangaphandle plasma ulwelwesi.

reticulum endoplasmic

Lokhu organelle iye okuthiwa ngakho ngenxa yokuthi itholakala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-cytoplasm (elihunyushwa ngokuthi "ngaphakathi" kusukela Igama lesiGreki "EndoH"). EPS - simiso esibanzi kakhulu Bubbles, amashubhu, tubules tabobunjwa nosayizi. Basuke zihlukaniswa kusukela le cytoplasm yengqamuzana ulwelwesi.

Zimbili izinhlobo EPS. Umsuka - luyimbudumbudu, esakhiwa amathangi kanye ijabulise, okuyinto uphosa ebusweni ubuhlalu (elimbudumbudu). Uhlobo lwesibili ka-EPS - we bushelelezi, okungukuthi bushelelezi. Granite iyona ribosome. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi luyimbudumbudu iningi EPS nasemkhakheni nuclei lamaseli isilwane, kanti abantu abadala, ngokuvamile kuba we Umumo bushelelezi. It is ukuthi ribosome iyona indawo synthesis amaprotheni ku cytoplasm ezaziwayo. Kule, kungaba bazitshela ukuthi EPS luyimbudumbudu kuyinto ogxile kumaseli, lapho esebenzayo amaprotheni zamagama. inethiwekhi Agranular Kunenkolelo lokumelwa ikakhulu kulezo amaseli lapho zamagama okuphuma lipids asebenzayo, okungukuthi amafutha kanye izinto ezahlukene amafutha-like.

Bobabili uhlobo EPS is hhayi nje ehilelekile synthesis izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Lapha, la izinto buthelela futhi uyiswa endaweni oyifisayo. EPS futhi ulawula umzimba ukuthi kwenzeka phakathi imvelo kanye iseli.

ribosomes

Lokhu cell organelles non-ulwelwesi. Zakhiwa wamaprotheni ne ribonucleic acid. Lezi izingxenye cell Namanje wafunda ngokugcwele yangaphakathi isakhiwo umbono. Ngo-microscope electron ribosome ifana mushroom noma zithutha. Ngamunye wabo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezincane nezinkulu (subunits) nge inkatho. ribosome eziningana ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswe intambo RNA ethile (ribonucleic acid) RNA ngokuthi (ulwazi). Ngenxa yalaba organelles kuthiwa umqondo kusuka amino acid amaprotheni molecule.

Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ngo tubules futhi lumens EPS izimbotshana ukuza imikhiqizo biosynthetic. Lapha, basuke bagxila iyunithi ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi (figure ngenhla eyabizwa ngokuthi golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi). Lokhu apharathasi iseduze nucleus. Uhlanganyela ukudluliselwa biosynthesis imikhiqizo ezilethwa ebusweni cell. Futhi, eziyinkimbinkimbi Golgi abathintekayo ekususweni kwabo kusukela amaseli kumiswa lysosomes, nokunye. D.

Lokhu organelle uvulekele Camillio Golgi cytologist Italian (iminyaka yokuphila - 1844-1926). Ukuze kuhlonishwe kuye 1898, yena waba okuthiwa iyunithi (eziyinkimbinkimbi) Golgi. Mpilo ribosomes amaprotheni ufake lolu organelle. Uma bedinga ukwenza ezinye organelles, ahlukaniswe ingxenye apharathasi Golgi. Ngakho, namaprotheni uyiswa endaweni oyifisayo.

lysosomes

Ukukhuluma ukubukeka amaseli bese organelles okuyinto afakiwe Ukwakheka yabo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubalula lysosomes. Ziyakwazi okweqanda, zizungezwe ulwelwesi olulodwa-ungqimba. Esikhathini lysosomes iqoqo enzyme elulaza amaprotheni, lipids, ama-carbohydrate. Uma ulwelwesi lilimele lysosomal enzyme ninamathele futhi ababhubhise okuqukethwe etholakala ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Ngenxa yalokho, afe.

cytocentrum

Itholakala kumaseli, ekwazi ukwabelana. Cell isikhungo yakhiwa centrioles ezimbili (induku amaseli). Njengoba eduze apharathasi Golgi futhi nucleus, it is ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni lokuphotha e inqubo cell division.

mitochondria

Ukuze amandla organelles zihlanganisa mitochondria (ngenhla) futhi chloroplast. Mitochondria - amandla esiteshini esiyingqayizivele yengqamuzana ngayinye. Ukuthi kukhishwe amandla kusuka izakhamzimba. Mitochondria kukhona ukuma iyashintsha, kodwa ngokuvamile kakhulu kuba pellet noma ngentambo. Inombolo kanye nosayizi impermanent yabo. Kuya ngokuthi umsebenzi obusebenzayo yeseli esithile.

Uma sicabangela micrograph electron, kungabonwa ukuthi mitochondria babe ulwelwesi amabili: kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle. Inner amafomu protuberances (crista) embozwe enzyme. Ngenxa yokuba khona mitochondria cristae jikelele ebusweni iyakhula. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba umsebenzi enzyme wabe ngenkuthalo.

Esikhathini mitochondria, ososayensi bathole DNA ethize kanye ribosomal. Lokhu kuvumela lezi organelles self ukuphindaphinda ngesikhathi cell division.

chloroplast

Mayelana chloroplast ke ukuma kuyinto disc noma ibhola kokuba bezinhlamvu double (kwangaphakathi kanye yangaphandle). Ngaphakathi lokhu organelle futhi ribosomes, i-DNA egwadle - izakhiwo membranous ethize ephathelene ne-kokubili ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi, futhi nomunye. Chlorophyll kuyinto ngokungenaphutha Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana Grand Prix. Ngenxa-ke elangeni amandla iguqulwe ibe amandla amakhemikhali triphosphate adenosine (ATP). Ngo chloroplast isetshenziselwa zamagama carbohydrate (kwakhiwa kusukela amanzi nesikhutha).

Uyavuma ukuthi ulwazi olunikeziwe ngenhla kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuba baphumelele isivivinyo eziphilayo hhayi kuphela. Cage - material isakhiwo elenza imizimba yethu. Yebo, futhi bonke izilwane zasendle - isethi eziyinkimbinkimbi zamangqamuzana. Njengoba ubona, eziningi izakhi anikwe lona. Uma uthi nhlá kungase kubonakale sengathi ucwaningo isakhiwo kwamaseli - akuwona neze umsebenzi olula. Nokho, uma ubheka, le timu hhayi eziyinkimbinkimbi kanjalo. Kuyadingeka ukuba bazi ukuthi owayeyazi kahle le isayensi, efana biology. iseli isakhiwo - ke ingenye izindikimba eziyisisekelo.