Ukubhala, ngokubhala izigaba yentuthuko

Kubhala - Lokhu kwakha simiso izimpawu abantu esetshenziswa ukulungisa umsindo wenkulumo. Le ncwadi ukhonza njengomdala zokuxhumana uhlelo ezimele kokuba eziningi imisebenzi ethize. Lokhu kusinikeza ithuba lokuthola futhi sigxilise ulwazi nokuhlakanipha esizuzwe ngamanga dlule zukulwane, ukwandisa kwenkululeko zokuxhumana womuntu. Ukufunda izincwadi, wonke umuntu athole ithuba uthinte emlandweni wesintu, ukuqonda amasiko alo, imvelo bangaphandle emhlabeni kwangaphakathi. Ukuze overestimate ukubaluleka yokubhala namuhla akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa wakhe, umuntu akafundi eziningi ezintsha, okokuqala kunakho konke, uyazi yena.

Izici eziyinhloko zolimi olubhalwayo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi, ngokungafani temlomo, ke iqhubeka hhayi isikhathi kodwa isikhala static. Le ncwadi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ucabange umbhali ke, buyela emuva ebhaliwe kakade, ukushintsha amagama, kabusha iziphakamiso ukuze ususe noma ufake wonke amavesi, ukucacisa, afune usizo izichazamazwi kanye phrasebooks.

Umlando lokubhala has izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi-ke yashintsha kancane kancane, ukuthuthukisa, zuza amafomu amasha. Ukuvela uhlamvu ihlobene impucuko nesi, Ukuhlala nanhlanu eminyakeni engaba yinkulungwane edlule, endaweni ephakathi kwemifula iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Kuyinto kulezi zindawo, abavubukuli bathole izikhumbuzo lasendulo yokuloba - ezibhebheni zobumba ngemifanekiso ezahlukene. Okwatholakala kusikisela ukuthi ulimi ebhalwe umsuka iminyaka 3,500 BC

Ososayensi abaningi besikhathi sethu sizama wokufunda imibhalo yasendulo, bekholelwa ukuthi anganikeza ulwazi hhayi kuphela mayelana nokuphila kanye nesiko impucuko amalungu alo wazo, kodwa futhi ulwazi mayelana nokubukeka lwesintu lulonke.

Ukuze yasendulo izinhlobo lokubhala libhekisela pictography, noma ngokubhala isithombe. Njengoba yaziwa, ekuqaleni imidwebo zazibaluleke kakhulu kule impilo zabantu lasendulo futhi uboniswa kuphela okwamanje magic amasiko. Ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukwamukelwa uwasebenzise kokungathembeki futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi. Akwaziwa lokubhala baseGibhithe lasendulo libhekisela logographic ngokubhala uhlelo ( "logo" - izwi), isikhathi yomsuka ubhekwa 2-3 yeminyaka BC

Ngo ebhaliwe inkulumo kweqembu lakhe liye besibhekene izigaba eziningana: kusukela imidwebo emhumeni futhi izibhebhe zobumba ukuze yolimi lwanamuhla, nge zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi izakhiwo iziphakamiso, iyakunqanda yebizo, njll Ekulinganisweni ke ahlukahlukene ngempela. Ngakho, ngokwale ndlela omunye wabo, abantu lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ukubhala izinhlobo:

• frazografiya - uhlobo oludala kunazo zonke izinhlobo umbhalo kuthumela ulwazi usebenzisa izinhlamvu ezikhethekile nezibonakaliso achazayo ngaphandle ukukucaza kube amagama athile nezindlela asetshenziswa imishwana;
• logograph - incwadi, ngokudlulisa ulwazi esebenzisa izimpawu emelela amazwi ngabanye;
• morfemografiya - ukubhala, kudlule izwi usebenzisa morfemogramm - izinhlamvu ezikhethekile leyetayelekile;
• sillabografiya - syllabary, nokuloba ezihlobene division of amazwi ku amaqoqo ahlukene;
• phonography - ingcaca incwadi umsindo (akumelwe kudidaniswe yigama lezokwelapha sokubhalisa ikhononda inhliziyo).

Ngokusho kwenye ngezigaba, nokuloba senzeka ngo lasungulwa izigaba ezifana yeenthombe pre-ebhalwe, ngokuhlanganisa, ideography zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo, eqinisweni, incwadi, njengoba sasivamise ukuba sibone, noma negilamafoni. Igilamafomu kuhlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo lokubhala: izwi-syllabic, syllabic futhi ngezinhlamvu.

Ososayensi okwamanje amaningi njengoba 5000 izilimi. Ngezinye 1/3 wabo sinolimi lwaso ebhaliwe nezincwadi. Okubhaliwe ezivamile zanamuhla Latin (isetshenziswa cishe 40% labantu emhlabeni). Ikota bonke abantu Emhlabeni asetshenziswa ekubhaleni izinhlamvu wakhe Chinese. Cyrillic enwetshiwe ku-18% endaweni umhlaba (kuhlanganise naseRussia). ezahlukeneyo ezahlukene ngokubhala Indian kungatholakala e-India, Nepal, Thailand kanye Laos. ngokubhala isizwe esincane sandile ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni China futhi izingxenye Mongolia.