Accounting Forensic: umqondo nezinhlobo, amafomu kanye nezindlela. Forensic ezimali. Ukwahlukanisa, ukubaluleka Criminal Records

Ngo sophenyo olunzulu futhi olunzulu futhi ifike ngesikhathi ekulweni kanye nokuvimbela ubugebengu indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa ulwazi okubi kanye nabantu abenza nabo. Njengoba omunye wemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu izenzo ezimali forensic. Cabangela eminye ukuthi.

Uhlolojikelele

Concept futhi izinhlobo obugebengu zibandakanya inombolo lwezigaba ahlobene. Ngesisekelo ezincwadini isikhundla ende individualization lezinto, azinze isihlobo kanye nokwenzeka ukuqhathanisa yabo okwalandela. Esikhathini izincwadi, umqondo obugebengu iphathwa njengoba uhlelo sokubhalisa, ukuhleleka kuka kanye yokugcina izinto noma ukwaziswa okuphathelene nawo. Lezi zindlela eziyinhloko izici ukuhlonza lezinto. Injongo yalo msebenzi ekwakhekeni isisekelo ukudalulwa kanye nokuvinjelwa nokungena lobugebengu. Umqondo obugebengu kabanzi lisetshenziswe komthetho.

Kwahlangana izakhi eziyinhloko

Ngu-Criminal Records zihlanganisa:

1. Bhalisa. Limelela izimfanelo nenkanuko edlulele lezinto ngokuhambisana nomthetho ebukhoneni elisekela efanelekayo. Ukubhalisa okwenzeka kumadokhumenti ekhethekile.
2. Systematization. Limelela nokubekwa imibhalo ngokuhambisana uhlelo ngokwesayensi athuthukiswe okusekelwe Ukwahlukaniswa ukuhlonza izici izinto.
3. Lokuhlushwa (inqwaba). Luhilela lokuhlushwa ulwazi izinto bhalisiwe noma izinto ngokwabo othile ATS iyunithi.

Forensic ezimali kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa izithombe izinsalela, portrait ngamazwi, fingerprinting nezinye izindlela iqoqo idatha.

Izinto nezikhonzi

Lawo obugebengu elisetshenziswa kwebalingisi:

1. Izindlela ubugebengu ukwenza.
2. Izihloko ulahlekile.
3. izidumbu womuntu ongashiwongo.
4. Fire rifled izikhali ngokuzithandela umaluju, likhishwa, intshontshiwe, walahlekelwa.
5. Izigxivizo zeminwe atholakala engxenyeni ubugebengu ezingaxazululeki.
6. lwemali zomgunyathi.
7. Izinhlamvu, cartridges, amachashazi, ashaqe endaweni yesehlakalo.
8. nemiyalelo oqanjiwe ukuthola imithi enamandla noma izidakamizwa.
9. Imibhalo kokuzihlanganisa.

Ukwahlukanisa obugebengu ku izindlela lokushaya ukwenza

Kukhona izindlela ezehlukene zokuqopha, zamagama kanye ekuqongeleleni ulwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, obugebengu ezihlobene ukubhalisa, systematization futhi nje okungaqondile izindlela anomlandu lokushaya. Kwakheka ulwazi base esikhethekile izici esimeme agcwele mshini izenzo zobugebengu, futhi okubeka ukuba benze. Kusekelwe sezindawo engokwemvelo yomuntu kubonakala khona. Tibangela Ukuphinda nezindlela ngazinye isenzo ekhubazekile. Yena, itholwe ngenkathi ukuhlolwa yesehlakalo, ukukhishwa okunye ukusebenza okuphenya nokusesha.

wokufaka amakhabethe

Kukhona izinhlobo ezithile nezindlela izindlela forensic ezimali zobugebengu ukwenza. Ikakhulukazi, ukubhaliswa, systematization kanye ekuqongeleleni ulwazi kwenziwa amafayela ikhadi ezimbili. Eyokuqala iqoqa ulwazi ubugebengu, abenza ngalo asethwe, kanti eyesibili - mayelana nezenzo ezenziwe abantu abangaziwa. Forensic ezimali Kwenziwa ezingeni lesifunda kanye lendawo.

Kulahleke, abantu abangaziwa

ezimali Forensic lala mafu Kwenziwa ezingeni lesifunda kanye GIZ Wezangaphakathi. Kuyinto amakhabethe amafayela uhlelo ukuthi kuyasebenzisana nomunye. Bahlanganisa umazisi ezakhiwe isampula olulodwa, futhi inikeza izici esisemthethweni izimpawu zangaphandle zabantu. Eyodwa ezimali forensic uqhutshwa ngabantu wanyamalala ngezizathu ezingaziwa, ingane, zeqe nezikhethekile, asebekhulile, egula ngengqondo, abakhubazekile nabanye abantu lakhe lokuzazisa akukwazi ukusungulwa. Kukhona base ulwazi izidumbu ezingaziwa, nizohlahlelwa futhi skeletonized kuhlanganise.

umklamo Izici ikhadi

On the front uhlangothi idokhumenti njengoba umuntu olahlekile afakiwe idatha yemininingwane abonisa ukunyamalala endaweni kanye nezimo lapho kwenzeka. Kumephu lufakwa usuku wokufaka isicelo ohambelana uhlu lwabantu abafunwa, kuchazwe izinyathelo ezithathwe ukunquma isiphetho ndoda. Ingxenye engezansi idokhumenti, nengxenye ecaleni emuva agodliwe ngoba incazelo eningiliziwe izingubo, izimpawu, izicathulo kanye nezinye izinto. Kumephu isicelo 2 izithombe lomuntu kwanyamalala.

izidumbu ezingaziwa

survey Forensic neqhaza ukuhlonza umuntu owafa. izidumbu ongashiwongo kufanele ibhekane yokubhalisa ayimpoqo. Ngenxa yalesi ukuhlonza ikhadi ekhethekile ikhishwa. Yena ligcwaliswe impinda. Omunye ithunyelwa indawo IC ATC, MIA, kwesibili - ku GIZ. Ibalazwe ubonisa phansi isidumbu, kanye nobudala bakhe (ngokubukeka), isikhathi sokufa kanye kokutholakala umzimba. Leli phephandaba linikeza incazelo eningiliziwe ukubukeka, ikakhulukazi amazinyo. Ikhadi senziwa izimpawu akhethekile isidumbu, futhi izingubo okukulo (uma ikhona), wathola ngesikhathi izikhonzi zakhe. Umzimba saziso izithombe. 3 ethe njo isithombe ibalazwe: ngakwesokudla, washiya yephrofayela, ngaphambili. Kunezikhathi lapho umuntu ethola skeleton (isidumbu skeletonized). Kulezi zimo, ugebhezi ethunyelwe ochwepheshe forensic MIA. Ochwepheshe ukuqhuba umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo ebusweni. Wabuye izithombe kwenanyekwe ku ibalazwe. Ngu izithombe ukuskenwa Imininingwane egciniwe abantu abalahlekile. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuba afeze zeminwe engaziwa isikhumba cadaver ngenxa yokulimala yeminwe, emabhulashini otchlenyayutsya emzimbeni futhi ibekwe endaweni esitsheni amanzi, bese ithunyelwa ochwepheshe. izandla abanekhono baphathwa esikhethekile fingerprinting aphansi dermal ungqimba.

Ingemuva Hlola

Ukuze isebenze kahle kakhulu obugebengu kukhona ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama, zeminwe nezinye wokufaka. Nazo ngokufanayo, zihlelwe ngabantu sezomthetho lobugebengu, ulahlekile, noma zinikelwe le ATC nokunye. Uma kunesidingo, ezimali forensic Kwenziwa ukubandakanywa ochwepheshe emkhakheni zeminwe ukuhlonza kanye portrait. Ukuze ukuthola izidumbu engaziwa ukusebenzisa izindlela alulame plastic ngomfanekiso vivo Yekhanda womuntu, kanye computer yokumodela.

fingerprinting

Izigxivizo zeminwe athathwe yesehlakalo, futhi okuqondene abantu, ulwazi mayelana nokuthi iziphi ungaphakathi sledoteke zilotshwe amazinga lesifunda kanye lendawo amayunithi forensic neminyango Wezangaphakathi Ministry uphenyo lobugebengu. Lokhu kuqoshwa iletha lanetitfombe yeqembu futhi zeminwe olulodwa cezu, nokuphakama kwalo ikhadi zeminwe. Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela accounting izinsalela, izikhulu Interior Ministry ukucacisa Iqiniso ashiya insalela ku izigcawu ezihlukahlukene ubugebengu umuntu oyedwa. Kuyinto kwezinye izimo ukhonza njengomdala ngesisekelo ecaleni. Fingerprint Ukuqinisekiswa ukwenziwa ifayela zeminwe iKhabhinethi idolobha (district) vd iminyango noma amathrekhi, etholwe zalokho kwezihloko obandakanyekile ekukhiqizeni njengoba esolwa.

Izinhlobo amafayela zeminwe

isizinda Desyatipaltsevym uvumele ukuhlonza izigebengu kuthiwa ecashele inkantolo kanye neziphathimandla aphenya ngaphansi Igama zamanga, Isibongo noma ukunqabela atholakala enecala. wokufaka okunjalo ibuye inikeze ithuba ukusungula ungubani zemizimba ezingaziwa, uma izakhamuzi ngaphambilini ongasekho babhaliswa phezu zeminwe. Kwezinye izimo, base enjalo isetshenziswa kanye uma uhlola amathrekhi, athathwe indawo ubugebengu ezingaxazululeki. Ukucinga tenprints indawo IC ATC MVZH kungenzeka kuphela uma akatholelwanga ezingaphansi kwezingu-6 ezahlukene umunwe mikhondo ngomuntu oyedwa, kodwa nge GIZ - okungenani eyisishiyagalombili. mthetho yingoba desyatipaltsevym wokufaka olwenziwa ngesandla. Hlola kubo ngempela kukhathaza ngenxa ukungakwazi zeminwe ukususwa ifomula. Ngaphambi kokuhlola umphenyi noma umphenyi igcwalisa efomini elihlelelwe lokho, axube nalokho tenprints ndaba. Unikelwe yokuqala, ngoba ikhophi kungenzeka ingabonisi ngokuphelele izici ethile futhi izakhi lwamaphethini zeminwe. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekuhlolweni.

Ukubhalisa amathuluzi zobugebengu

Forensic ezimali intshontshiwe nezibhamu Kwenziwa emazingeni lesifunda nokazwelonke. Amakhadi basuke umaluju ngokuzithandela likhishwa, amathuluzi alahlekile. Amakhadi ukhombise izici isikhali:

1. Model.
2. Buka.
3. Inombolo.
4. Izwe / umkhiqizi.
5. Calibre.

Ikhadi iqukethe ukwaziswa ngezimo izikhali zebiwa ngaphansi kwazo, izincwadi ziyathathwa, walahlekelwa. ATS libonisa kokwenza yokusesha. Systematization Kwenziwa uhlobo isikhali. Izigaba ezibekwa amamodeli izinhlelo, in inyuka oda izinombolo zabo. Ukususwa ezincwadini wenziwa phezu ukuthola noma iyiphi kokuphela kweminyaka eyishumi kusukela osukwini ekuqaleni uphenyo. Phezu ukuthola izinguquko kwi isibhamu komkhondo chungechunge, inombolo, unyaka enza noma, uma lezi nemingcele kuvetwa ngokuphelele, lithunyelwa luhlolo.

izinhlamvu Register

phakathi kokunye, lokhu obugebengu uyalandisa pulegilzoteka. Ukubhalisa iyadingeka ukuze wonke izinhlamvu kuhoxiswe emkhakheni amacala ezingaxazululeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo agcinwa Ucwaningo ukudubula isibhamu, okuyinto isihloko ehlukile ekunqumeni ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo ikhomishana izenzo okungekho emthethweni noma uma ukhonza njengomdala into lokushaya. amakhabethe amafayela Ammunition uku Wezangaphakathi futhi Regional Forensic Science Centre of ATS amayunithi. Ziyakwazi iqoqo amagobolondo, amachashazi, amagobolondo iminonjana cartridges kochungechunge. Zonke izinto ngokwentando oda elisungulwe amafayela. Ngakho, inhlamvu ngamathuluzi uhlelo kanye nosayizi, isiqondiso emamakini rifling kanye nobungako. Uma uhlelo ayaziwa, systematized ngokuvumelana uhlobo zona ahloselwe.

Izici ukuqhathanisa

Ihlola pulegilzoteke Eqinisweni ivumela ukusungula isicelo esithile (noma ibuyiselwe ngokuzithandela kuhoxiswe) nokobana ikhomishana izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Futhi ku base kungaba azimisele ukuthi into efanayo ezigamekweni ezahlukene abathintekayo. Uma kwenzeka kokuhoxiswa kokuhlelwa izikhali ngempela kuhlolelwe Accounting elahlekile, izincwadi ziyathathwa, intshontshiwe, ngokuzithandela umaluju. Lokhu kulandelwa nokudubula. Amagobolondolo okuholela kanye izinhlamvu wathumela ukuhlola pulegilzoteku. Lapho beqeda inqubo kanye esikhishwe ikhadi ukucinga database. Ngemva kokwenza lokhu test, egcwele ulwazi. It is ithunyelwa caller. Endabeni asabele kahle, luhlolo wenziwa, engeyinhle - izinto afakwe pulegilzoteku.

imali kokuzihlanganisa

imali yamaphepha mbumbulu abalwa liphakathi e-Forensic Science Centre. Ikhadi izinkomba kukhona amaqoqo amasampula inkohliso nge izincazelo amakhadi ezikhethekile. Ngaphambi ukuthumela imali ukuhlola, eyenziwa luhlolo noma nesifundo kwesikhashana yebhange amanothi, okuye kwadala ukungabaza. Uma kwenzeka manga kunqunywa indlela okwenza ngayo lokhu amanga, isakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa impahla, okuvela umthombo izinto wafunda. Inkohliso Russian kanye angaphandle yasebhange namanothi zaba ngokwehlukile. Ukubhalisa futhi systematization ulwazi izikweletu kokuzihlanganisa eyenziwe ukuphrinta, ngokuzenzakalela. Nge ikhadi computer iqondiswa ukwaziswa kwesimiso sezakhi mayelana ihlelo, inombolo kanye uchungechunge izici ngendlela falsification. Endabeni esungula emthonjeni owodwa Lokudabuka ekhishwe ulwazi mayelana khona izikweletu ezifanayo. Uma kungaqali, wokufaka kwenziwa ubuyekeza, banikezwe ukungabi khona ulwazi mayelana izinto ezifanayo.

Imibhalo Amanga, zokupheka, imibhalo

Izimali amaphepha inkohliso wenza ukuphrinta Indlela kwenziwe ECC. Kuhlanganisa afanayo kwemibhalo yokuqala, amakhophi ezingezinhle, kumafomu adalwe ne clichés kanye nezinye izindlela, kuhlanganise amakhophi imishini. Okusho obugebengu kwemibhalo kokuzihlanganisa kunzima overestimate. Lokufaneleka esithileko ozuza ku falsification zokupheka ukuthi unikeze izidakamizwa ezinamandla, kwelashwa noma psychotropic. amarekhodi anjalo ayagcinwa ezingeni lesifunda. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zokupheka ukuthatha kuphela ekhemisi tesifundvo zilotshiwe lapho. Izimali imibhalo yezokwelapha inkohliso ngqo wembula iqiniso falsification, ukufaka hardware ayesetshenziselwa le njongo. umculi esithile kungaba azimisele ngokuhlola amasampuli wokubhala ngesandla.

izimpahla

ezimali yabo iqhutshwa Usebenzisa injini ezenzakalelayo. On ifayela liqukethe ulwazi hhayi kuphela mayelana nokushoda yebiwa bese esihambisana izimpahla, kodwa futhi ku nabantu ababenolwazi ukweba izimisele kwezokuthutha. Imininingwane database is wadala ngesisekelo imibiko amaphoyisa ezokuthutha. Ikhadi lokubhalisa ayohlanganisa:

• Idethi isenzo ekhubazekile.
• Thayipha wemithwalo yebiwa bese wezimpahla.
• Izindleko kanye neminye imininingwane.

Amakhadi bungamumatha ulwazi mayelana izifundo aphinga ukweba, uma ifakiwe. Ukucinga isizinda kuncuma endaweni lapho kwenzeke ubulelesi, amathuba okuphinga ukweba eziningana ngomunye umuntu inqubo ukuhlola ukubandakanywa abasolwa ngqo icala ngaphansi kophenyo kwezinye izimo eziningana.

Ukubhalisa Auto

Ezokuthutha Allowance, abashayeli nabanikazi imoto nazo kwenziwe imodi ezenzakalelayo. It is kabanzi mayelana nophenyo yengozi, ukweba kanye imoto ukweba. Esimisweni ukubuyisa, wabeka ulwazi mayelana nazo zonke ezokuthutha, lapho amaphoyisa omgwaqo ekhishwe imibhalo. I database iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nabashayeli nabanikazi imoto, elahlekile futhi eyebiwe idatha amashidi. Imininingwane uhlelo ukubuyisa ikuvumela ukusetha umnikazi, wathola imoto bambamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, besebenzisa imininingwane, amaphoyisa embule amaqiniso manga noma ukweba passport lobuchwepheshe, afeze usesho izimoto ezebiwe kanye intshontshiwe.

ubugebengu ikakhulukazi eziyingozi

Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, umbuzo lokubulala ngenhloso, ukuphanga, ukweba grand. Le akhawunti, efana naleyo eyabhalwa langaphambilini, kuyinto okuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele. Ukubhalisa kuncike okubulala ngenhloso kuleli cala, uma efayeleni icala kukhona zeminwe noma ezinye ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Njengoba ngokuphanga, amarekhodi abo ayagcinwa, uma they bophezela ngezibhamu, amadivaysi eziyinkimbinkimbi lobuchwepheshe. Lesi sakamuva, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa autogenous, Welding, iziqhumane nokunye. Amarekhodi eyodwa ayagcinwa ngu yobugebengu obenziwa lezigelekeqe, hhayi ngemuva kwezinyanga ngaphambili kuka-2 ukuqaliswa izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Nayikuthi iselelesi Kuye kwatholakala phakathi uphenyo, kodwa yanyamalala, imininingwane yayo nawo busuka uhlelo ukubuyisa. Kumila esetshenziswa ngesikhathi inguqulo yokuhlola amathuba ezinye ukungaziphathi kahle ngomunye inhlangano (indlela), uma kuqhathaniswa nenani abasolwa ngokuhambisana "portrait ngamazwi" kanye ngokusebenzisa nokudidiyela imisebenzi ukuphenywa kokuphulwa ezifuze lezi.

isiphetho

Ngakho, i-accounting forensic - a eziyinkimbinkimbi multi-level uhlelo. Iqoqa ulwazi ezihlukahlukene lezinto, abantu, izimpawu, amadokhumenti nokunye. Automation amasistimu sehle kakhulu asheshise inqubo yokuthola futhi siqinisekisa ulwazi. Lokhu, inikeza ulwazi olumayelana nokusebenza, isicelo sabo ngesikhathi uphenyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yiyona systematization ulwazi yolwazi ehlukahlukene. algorithm abahlukahlukene nowesifunda asetshenziswe zamagama kanye neqembu ulwazi. Ukusetshenziswa kolwazi izinhlelo ikhuthaza ukuvezwa nje kuphela kodwa futhi nokuvimbela ngamacala ahlukahlukene.