Njalo-Hubble. Ukwanda yonke. Umthetho-Hubble sika

Uma umuntu ecabanga ukuthi igama elithi "chitha" kwenzelwe nje yezemidlalo ngokwedlulele, "antisupruzhesky" uhlamvu iphutha. Kukhona incazelo interesting okuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho we-Cosmological Hubble isikisela ukuthi emthaleni uthole ...!

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu mafu

Cabanga: omnyama, omkhulu cleaner inkanyezi izinhlelo ngezwi eliphansi ungasheshi kude nomunye, "Usale kahle! Sala kahle! Usale kahle. " Mhlawumbe, eceleni "kwehliswa kwelizinga lyrical" phenya ubufakazi besayensi. Ngo-1929, isazi sezinkanyezi ezinethonya kunazo nososayensi waseMelika XX leminyaka Edvin Pauell Habbl (1889-1953) wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kukhona ukunwetshwa okusimeme yonke.

Man, konke ukuphila kwakhe omdala ukuba Ukwambula isakhiwo yendawo ezungezile, wazalwa ngo Marshfield (Missouri). Ngezipikili bobusha abanesifiso ukufunda izinkanyezi, kodwa wagcina ebe ummeli eqinisekisiwe. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zami eCambridge University, u-Edwin wasebenza e Chicago, esenzeka e-Observatory York. Ngo kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (1914-1918 GG.) EThestamenteni. iminyaka oluzoQapha kuphela esehlehlisa isikhathi sokuvula. Namuhla, izwe yezesayensi wonke uyazi ukuthi njalo Hubble.

Endleleni ekutholakaleni

Ngemva kokubuya ngaphambili, usosayensi wamnaka le Observatory yezinkanyezi Mount Wilson (California). Wayemuhle basebenze lapho. Othandweni izinkanyezi, le nsizwa wachitha isikhathi esiningi ubuka ubukhulu omkhulu lens isibonakude 60 futhi amayintshi 100. Ngaleso sikhathi - kakhulu, kumnandi kakhulu! Kumadivayisi, abasunguli abaye basebenza cishe eyishumi, ukuqinisekisa ephakeme kakhulu ukukhulisa nesithombe ukucaciseleka.

Khumbula, umngcele ebonakalayo yonke libizwa Metagalaxy. Ubuya esimweni ngesikhathi kwe-Big Bang (the Singularity Cosmological). ilungiselelo Modern uthi abakuzuzile constants eziphathekayo eyohlobo (ie ngejubane lokukhanya, icala aphansi, njll). Kukholakala ukuthi Metagalaxy yokuhlala imithala bhiliyoni 80 (sibalo emangalisayo umsindo okuningi okufana nalokhu: 10 sextillion futhi 1 quadrillion izinkanyezi). Ukuma, nobukhulu - ukuze yonke kuhluke ngokuphelele kuka ezitholakale umqondo Earth.

Cepheid ongaqondakali

Ukuze afakazele umbono ukuchaza ukwanda komkhathi, kuthatha isikhathi eside ngokujulile ucwaningo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuqhathanisa kanye ukubalisisa. Esikhathini eko ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX leli sosha zokugcina ekugcineni wakwazi ukubonakalisa uhlukanise mafu waphawula ngokuhlukile i-Milky Way. Ngokusho ukutholakala kwakhe, babengeke Kuvunguza, okweqanda futhi engaphumi njalo (zinhlobo ezintathu).

Ngo uhlelo inkanyezi eseduze kwethu, kodwa hhayi eseduze Kuvunguza esigaxeni Andromeda, u-Edwin wabona Cepheid (isigaba zezinkanyezi ejabhile). umthetho Hubble kwakungu wake eduze lasungulwa sokugcina. Isazi sezinkanyezi u-sabala ibanga kulezi beacons kanye Usayizi Umthala elikhulu the Group Local. Ngokusho iziphetho zakhe Andromeda yakhiwa cishe omunye trillion izinkanyezi (izikhathi 2.5-5-Milky Way).

njalo

Ezinye izazi, echaza ubunjalo Cepheids, eziqhathanisa inflatable enjoloba amabhola. Babe ukwandisa ke wehlise ke eduze ke anyakaze. Lapho Isivinini osabalalayo kuyahlukahluka. Ngezinye kokucindezelwa izinga lokushisa "isihambi" inyuka (nakuba ebusweni incipha). izinkanyezi onesigqi kukhona pendulum esingajwayelekile, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ayeke.

Thanda lonke esigaxeni, Andromeda libhekene ososayensi njengoba isiqhingi isikhala jikelele, okusikhumbuza yomthala wethu. Ngo-1929, u-Edwin wathola: velocities osabalalayo zemithala kanye amabanga abo zihlobe-, encike yemigqa. Coefficient kuye kwachazwa, ke obonakaliswe km / s MPC (MPC). Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-njalo-Hubble ezaziwayo. Inwebisa yonke - ushintsha njalo. Kodwa ngesikhathi iphuzu elithile e wonke amaphuzu yonke kuba ohlelweni olufanayo. Ngo-2016 - 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / MPC.

Umcabango simiso yonke, kwemvelo uyaqhubeka, Olwandisekayo ke ithole isisekelo obubonakalayo. Inqubo ngenkuthalo wafunda isayensi yezinkanyezi ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngo-1942 yena ephethwe uMnyango kuqhubeke yangaphandle ngesikhathi Aberdeen Nihlola Ground (USA). Ingabe lo umhlobo iphupho, mhlawumbe, oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke emhlabeni yesayensi? Cha, wayefuna "shintsha" imithetho emakhoneni ofihlekile imithala ekude! Ngokuphathelene ukubukwa zezombusazwe, isazi sezinkanyezi obala walahla umholi-Third Reich kwe-Adolf Hitler. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wayaziwa nangokuthi i-Hubble a Isitha ukusetshenziswa izikhali zembubhiso enamandla. Kodwa emuva esigaxeni.

Velikiy Edvin

constants Abaningi yezinkanyezi kuyalungiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kukhona izinto ezintsha. Kodwa ngeke kuqhathaniswe umthetho ukunwetshwa yonke sika. I isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile Hubble XX leminyaka (kusukela ngesikhathi uCopernicus ontanga yakhe yayingahambisani!) Beka belingana umsunguli physics zokuhlola ngu uGalileo nombhali okukhiphayo ezintsha bokuba khona izinhlelo lezinkanyezi by William Herschel.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba umthetho Hubble sika uyaziwa umlobi wayo waba ilungu National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, kamuva zezifundiswa emazweni ahlukahlukene, has imiklomelo eminingi. Cishe abaningi uzwile yokuthi iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi edlule, wethulwa ku-orbit futhi ezisebenza ngempumelelo isikhala isibonakude "Hubble". Leli gama emgodini on enyangeni, omunye amaplanethi ezincane azungeza phakathi Mars kanye Jupiter (le nguzunga).

Bekungeke ngempela kungalungile ukusho ukuthi sezinkanyezi kuphela futhi wafuna abhebhezela igama lakhe, kodwa kunobufakazi ezingaqondile, ukuthi u-Edwin bathandile ukuheha ukunakwa. Londoloza isithombe lapho yena ngokwenama posing eduze izinkanyezi movie. ngezansi nje sizokutshela mayelana nemizamo yakhe ukuba "ukulungisa" impumelelo eyisicaba laureates, abaningi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ungene umlando Cosmology.

Henrietta Leavitt indlela

I isazi sezindikimba ezisemkhathini abadumile British Stiven Hoking encwadini yakhe "Umlando Omfushane Isikhathi", wabhala ukuthi "ukutholakala ukuthi umkhathi uyanda, sesiye inguquko enkulu bokusungula kwekhulu XX". Hubble waba nenhlanhla ngokwanele ukuba endaweni efanele ngesikhathi esifanele. Mount Wilson Observatory laliyisikhungo okwashiwo umsebenzi ukuthi isisekelo sokuma isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini entsha (kamuva owabizwa ngokuthi Cosmology). I isibonakude esinamandla kunalo lonke eMhlabeni Hooker wayesanda wasungula.

Kodwa njalo Hubble wayengadukile neze wavula kuphela ngesisekelo inhlanhla. ukubekezela adingekayo, ukuphikelela, ikhono uwine izimbangi zezemfundo. Ngakho, isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika Harlou Shepli ahlinzekwa model of the Galaxy. Umyeni wami wayesevele eyaziwa ngokuthi Usosayensi othile ukuchaza ubukhulu kuyi-Milky Way. Kuyinto indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi sokunquma ibanga Cepheids usebenzisa indlela iyawakha ngo-1908 Genriettoy Suon Leavitt. Ubeka ibanga into, esekelwe ukushintshashintsha esezingeni ukukhanya izinkanyezi ezikhanya (Cepheid eziguquguqukayo).

Ayikho uthuli negesi, futhi eminye imithala

Harlou Shepli babekholelwa ukuthi ububanzi Umthala 300,000 iminyaka ukukhanya (mayelana ngokuphindwe kayishumi kwenani kuvunyelwe). Nokho, Shapley, efana izazi zezinkanyezi kakhulu ngesikhathi, wayeqiniseka ukuthi i-Milky Way - lena yonke. Naphezu isiphakamiso sokuqala esenziwe William Herschel ekhulwini XVIII, yaxoxela inkolelo evamile yokuthi kunengxenye yonke esigaxeni izinto kuqhathaniswa eseduze - nje endaweni of uthuli negesi esibhakabhakeni.

Bangaki ebabayo, nobusuku obubandayo wachitha Hubble abahlezi isibonakude esinamandla Hooker engakakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi Shapley okungalungile. Ngo-October 1923, u-Edwin ubonile esigaxeni M31 (Andromeda) ", siqhamukile" ngale ndaba futhi wasikisela ukuba ingeyona i-Milky Way. Ngemva ukuhlola ngokucophelela izingqimba enezithombe, okuyinto elathunjwa endaweni efanayo ngaphambili uphenyo ngamanye izazi zezinkanyezi, kuhlanganise Shapley, u-Edwin waqaphela ukuthi Cepheid.

wathola Cosmos

Hubble esetshenziswa Shapley indlela yokulinganisa ibanga izinkanyezi onhlobonhlobo. Kwatholakala ukuthi bungakanani izigidi zeminyaka ukukhanya eMhlabeni okungukuthi kude i-Milky Way. Umthala ngokwayo oluqukethe izigidi izinkanyezi. Akwaziwa Universe yandile kakhulu ngosuku, futhi - ngomqondo - yonke utholakale!

Iphephandaba "New York Times:" wabhala: "Ukutholakala mafu asazintandela kukhona inkanyezi izinhlelo Dr. Hubbel (sic) sisekela umbono wokuthi zinjengodonga." Isiqhingi universes ngaphakathi "ezifana nezethu." Ukutholwa kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngoba izwe yezinkanyezi, kodwa okukhulu lwe-Hubble kwaba eziseza.

kungekho static

Njengoba sishilo, ukunqoba "uCopernicus №2» wafika ngo-1929, lapho libhekwa zonke esigaxeni eyaziwa futhi kulinganiswa velocities zabo kusukela spectra yokukhanya sasikhipha. ukutholakala kwawo elishaqisayo ukuthi zonke imithala kuthiwa ebohla kithi ngesivinini wakhona ibanga yabo okwakuya kuqina i-Milky Way, kwashaqisa umhlaba. umthetho Hubble sika waqeda umqondo oyisiko yonke static, futhi wabonisa ukuthi yena ugcwele Dynamics. Einstein yena, yagebisa ikhanda phambi amandla anjalo emangalisayo observation.

Umbhali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto ukulungiswa zibalo siqu, okuyinto babeka nezaba ukwanda komkhathi. Manje, i-Hubble yabonisa ukuthi Einstein wayeqinisile. isikhathi Hubble - inverse we njalo Hubble (t _H = 1 / H). Lesi isikhathi isici ukwanda komkhathi okwamanje.

Yamila kanye ehlakazekile

Lapho njalo ku 2016 Ka alinganayo 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / MPC, ukukhuliswa manje libhekene izibalo ezilandelayo: (4,61 ± 0.05) · ^{17 Okthoba,} noma nge (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ iminyaka. Nalapha futhi, babenza izinto ezihlekisayo. Okuhle uthi: kukuhle ukuthi Umthala 'ukusakazela. " Uma sicabange ukuthi besondela nomunye, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuza kwe-Big Bang. Kodwa-ke lapha ukuthi isiqale Ukuqala komkhathi.

Galaxy "waphuthuma" (waqala ukuthutha) bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene ngesikhathi esifanayo. Uma izinga ukususwa wayengekho wakhona ibanga - imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuqhuma lutho. Enye njalo esuselwe - ibanga Hubble - umkhiqizo ijubane _{izikhathi ukukhanya: D H = CT H = c} / H. Lamanje - (1,382 ± 0,015) · Okthoba ²⁶ m noma (14,610 ± 0,016) · ¹⁰ Septhemba ukukhanya iminyaka.

Futhi futhi i ibhaluni inflatable. Kukholakala ukuthi ngisho izazi zezinkanyezi musa njalo kahle ukuchaza ukwanda komkhathi. Ingxenye ochwepheshe ecabanga ukuthi ulele like a ibhola iraba, engazi noma ikuphi ukulinganiselwa ngokomzimba. Imithala ngokwabo akugcini nje ukuthuthela kude nathi, kodwa futhi "bezigaxa" zesiphithiphithi amaqoqo isilungisiwe. Abanye bathi imithala ekude "ukubhukuda" izinsalela Big Bang, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo kancane kancane.

Ngangingeke ngibe owathola umklomelo kaNobel

Hubble wayezama ukuthola uMklomelo KaNobel. Ngo-1940 ngasekupheleni, ngisho abaqashe ejenti ukukhangisa (namuhla ke yayiyobizwa ngokuthi umphathi PR), yena isihambile kuleli cala. Kodwa imizamo yayiyize: kwakungekho isigaba izazi zezinkanyezi. Edwin efa ngo-1953, ngokuhamba ucwaningo lwesayensi. Izinsukwana ayekubona izinto extragalactic.

Iphupho lakhe zakamuva wokuvelela wahlala zingagcwaliseki. Kodwa usosayensi nakanjani sijabule ngokuthi behlonipha yakhe kwesibonakude Isikhala okuthiwa. Futhi abafowabo isizukulwane kwengqondo qhubeka nokuhlola isikhala omkhulu futhi esimangalisayo. It usalokhu eziningi eziyimfihlakalo. Bangaki okutholakele ukuza! Futhi okunye we njalo Hubble, ngokuqinisekile, kuzosiza othile kusuka ososayensi abasha ukuba babe "uCopernicus №3».

ukuphikisana u-Aristotle

Yini nizoba noma achithwa, njengoba lapho uthuli landizela imfundiso yokuziphendukela infinity, iphakade nokungaguquguquki isikhala emhlabeni Earth, okuyinto sasekelwa Aristotle yena? Wabhekisa isixhazululo le wesimethri nekupheleliswa yonke. Isimiso Cosmological waqinisekisa: konke ageleza, izinguquko konke.

Kukholakala ukuthi ezigidigidini zeminyaka amazulu lingenamuntu futhi amnyama. Ukunwetshwa "athwale" Umthala ka umkhathizwe cosmic, lapho ukukhanya abakwazi ukufinyelela us. Ingabe njalo Hubble efanele ngabe yonke ezingenalutho? Kuzokwenzekani isayensi Cosmology? Uzoshabalala? Konke lokhu ukuhlawumbisela okushiwoyo.

redshift

Okwamanje, kwesibonakude "Hubble" wenzé isithombe esifakazela ukuba nomuzwa wokulahlekelwa jikelele sisengabangane kude. Endaweni professional ngokuhamba umbono wokuthi ukutholakala zenani elikhulu u-Edwin Hubble, kodwa hhayi umthetho. Nokho, cishe ngaso leso sikhathi balibona emphakathini yesayensi isikhathi. Kugcinwa "shift abomvu" akuyona nje ukunqoba ilungelo khona, kuliqiniso, futhi ngekhulu xxi.

Futhi namhlanje, ukunquma ibanga imithala, esekelwe usosayensi superotkrytie. Okuhle baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma yomthala wethu kuyoba kuphela "ntokazi" asinalo. Kuzoba izigidigidi zezinkanyezi yemifino namaplanethi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi useduze nathi Uzoqhubeka "imihlaba parallel" ezidinga ezobhekwa.