Yan Komensky, le pedagogue Czech: Biography, izincwadi, iminikelo pedagogy

Yan Amose Komensky (28.3.1592 azalelwe Nivnice, eMoravia, ushonele 11/14/1670 e-Amsterdam, eNetherlands) - wezinguquko Czech wehlelo lefundo zombelele kanye enkolweni. Babaziwa Ngokungenisa izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa, ngezilimi ethile.

Yan Amose Komensky: Biography

I ezinganeni ezinhlanu, yazalwa ngo-Comenius umndeni ngokulinganisela ocebile azinikele kumaProthestani we zamaBohemia Brothers. Ngemva kokufa abazali bakhe kanye nodadewabo ababili 1604, mhlawumbe kusukela lesi sifo, yena wayehlala nezihlobo, wathatha imfundo Okuqukethwe akuzwakali, ngesikhathi 1608 akafakanga esikoleni Latin e Přerov zamaBohemia abazalwane. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, sibonga ukusekelwa Ukubala Charles Žerotín wayengumuntu bedle Johann Genriha Alsteda langena LaseDashi Inyuvesi ekhatsi Herborn. Tigaba letinyenti umcabango wokuphinde Comenius zifana kakhulu ifilosofi yokugcina. Alsted, abaphikisi-Aristotle eyamlandela Petra Ramusa, futhi enesithakazelo esijulile Raymond Lully futhi Giordano Bruno, imfundiso kwaba chiliasts futhi wasebenza ukuqoqwa zonke ulwazi e yakhe edumile ethi "I-Encyclopedia" (1630). Ngemva kokuqeda izifundo zakhe e Heidelberg e 1614, Yan Komensky waphindela kwelakubo, lapho kuqala efundisa esikoleni. Kodwa ngo-1618, ngemva kweminyaka emibili ukugcotshwa kwakhe umpristi abazalwane zamaBohemia, waba ngumfundisi fulnek. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ezinyathelisiwe, "Latin grammar", sihlehlela emuva leyo minyaka.

Impi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu kanye EMpini YaseNtabeni Emhlophe ngoNovemba 1620 kwakufanele nomthelela ezimpilweni Comenius, njengoba iningi umsebenzi wakhe yayihloselwe ukubuya izwe lakhe kanye nabantu bokholo. Kuyo yonke le minyaka eyisishiyagalombili esilandelayo, akuphephile kuze ukuxoshwa sokugcina nabazalwane abavela emazweni imperial akahambanga kuye Leszno, Poland, lapho ebemise khona kwake sizongena settlement kungenzeka.

Yan Amose Komensky, biography okwathi ngokuhamba kweminyaka imakwe ngokufa kumkakhe wokuqala, uMariya Magdalena, nezingane zabo ezimbili, ngo-1624 washada okwesibili. Waliqeda "Labyrinth Kwezwe nePharadesi Wenhliziyo" e 1623 kanye Centrum securitatis e 1625-m, ukushicilela nabo 1631 futhi 1633 ngokulandelana ngolimi Czech.

Kusukela 1628 kuya 1641 Yan Komensky wahlala Leszno njengoba umbhishobhi ukuba izimvu zakhe, futhi Umphathi sokuzivocavoca wendawo. Uphinde wathola isikhathi ukusebenza izinguquko yolwazi kanye pedagogy, ngokubhala, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ngoba wokuqala omkhulu ncwadi Didactica magna yakhe. Nakuba yabhalwa ngo-Czech, yanyatheliswa 1657 e-Latin njengengxenye Opera didactica omnia, equkethe iningi imisebenzi idaliwe kusuka 1627

Enye incwadi, ethi ebhaliwe ngalesi sikhathi Yan Amose Komensky, i- "Umzali School", abazinikele neminyaka eyisithupha yokuqala ukukhulisa umntwana.

Ukuthandwa ezingalindelekile

Ngo-1633, Yan Komensky kungalindelekile beqashelwa European ukushicilelwa Janua linguarum reserata ( «Zivulele izilimi"), zikhululwe ngonyaka ofanayo. Lena isethulo elula Latin ngokuhambisana indlela entsha, okusekelwe ezimisweni ethathwe Wolfgang Rathke kanye nezincwadi ezishicilelwe Spanish amaJesuit Salamanca. Kuhlelwa kabusha ekufundisweni kolimi, ukusheshisa kanye lula ke kubo bonke, babevamile izinguquko jikelele kwesintu emhlabeni, lapho bonke chiliasts wafuna sifinyelele amahora asele ngaphambi ukubuya kukaKristu.

Yan Komensky usayine isivumelwano ne eyiNgisi Samuweli Hartlieb, ukuba nazo azithumela umbhalo wesandla ka "Ophila phakade Christian" yakhe ngokuthi Conatuum Comenianorum praeludia, bese, e 1639, Pansophiae prodromus. Ngo 1642 Hartlieb eshicilelwe yesiNgisi, enesihloko esithi "Kuhlelwa kabusha izikole." Yan Amose Komensky, umnikelo pedagogy okuyinto wavusa isithakazelo esikhulu emibuthanweni ethile e-England, wamenywa ukuba London Hartlieb. Ngo-September 1641 efika inhlokodolobha British, lapho ahlangana khona abalandeli bakhe, kanye nabantu abacabanga njengawe Dzhon Pell, uTheodore Haak futhi Mnumzane Cheney Culpeper. Wamenywa ukuba ahlale unomphela e-UK, kuhlelwe ukudala pansofskogo ekolishi. Kodwa Irish Rebellion maduze uzoqeda zonke lezi izinhlelo ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo, kuyilapho Comenius wahlala eBrithani uJuni 1642 Nakuba eLondon, yena wabhala Via yakhe Lucis ( «Indlela Kwezwe"), okuyinto elasakazwa ngefomu wesandla eNgilandi kuze lanyatheliswa 1668 e-Amsterdam. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uthisha Czech wathola umnikelo ovela uRichelieu ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi saso eParis, kodwa kunalokho wavakashela Descartes eduze Leiden.

Ukusebenza eSweden

ESweden, Yan Komensky ephinde ehlangana nobunzima. Oxenstierna likaShansela ayefuna ukuba abhale izincwadi wusizo ezikoleni. Comenius futhi, ngesikhathi ekufuna yabangane bakhe isiNgisi, okunikelwe ukusebenza Pansophius. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi wagxila izinkinga ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa, waze wathatha umhlala e Elbing e Prussia ngesikhathi sekubusa Sweden, phakathi 1642 kanye 1648. Umsebenzi wakhe lishicilelwe Pansophiae diatyposis e eDanzig e 1643 kanye Linguarum Methodus nouissima - e Leszno e 1648. Ngo-1651-m "Pansophia" ushicilelwe ngesiNgisi njengesibonelo yolwazi jikelele. Yakhe "ifilosofi yemvelo, yamaLuthela ukuKhanya Kwaphezulu," noma Lumen divinuem reformatate Amazwibela (Leipzig, 1633), lalivela ngawo lowo nyaka. Ngo-1648, wabuyela Leszno, Comenius baba umbhishobhi amabili wokugcina bobuzalwane zamaBohemia (kamuva siguqulelwa Moravian).

Ukwehluleka Sarospatak

Ngo-1650, uthisha Yan Komensky ngathola ucingo luvela Prince Sigizmunda Rakotsi yeTransylvania nasenkabeni yayo, ungumfowabo omncane uGeorge II Rakoczy, ufike esikhumulweni Sarospatak bakucebise nangokuthi kabusha esikoleni futhi Pansophia. Yena uye wethula nezinguquko eziningi esikoleni sendawo, kodwa, naphezu umsebenzi onzima, impumelelo yakhe incane, futhi ngo-1654 wabuyela Leszno. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Comenius ekhiqizwa yezindawo ezidumile iningi lemisebenzi yakhe, Orbis sensualium Pictus ( «Sensual Umhlaba e Isithombe", 1658), e-Latin nesiJalimane. Okubalulekile, umsebenzi kuvula epigraph ngezindlela ezingafani "ukuba" lapho Umuntu waziqamba amagama (Genesise 2:. 19-20). Kwakuyincwadi ethi esikoleni kuqala lapho ukufunda isithombe ukusebenzisa izinto limi. Yena kuboniswe isimiso esiyisisekelo ukuthi ababethi Yan Amose Komensky. Kafushane ke lokhu: amagama kumele sihambisane izinto futhi ayikwazi wafunda ngokuhlukile kubo. Ngo-1659, Charlz noHule eshicilelwe version English yencwadi, "Izwe ebonakalayo Comenius, noma Isithombe kanye nohlu izinto eziyinhloko ezikhona emhlabeni, imisebenzi yabantu."

Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela okuphumelela Sarospatak, cishe kubangelwe entshisekweni kumnandi futhi wemibono iziprofetho Umthandi womculo Nicholas Darbika. Comenius akuyona okokuqala ukubeka ngosuku lokugcina womprofethi - ubuthakathaka, okuyinto ayithelanga nezinye chiliasts. Ziyakwazi okusolisayo izibikezelo imicimbi ezibhubhisayo wajikela ezingalindelekile, okumele kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, ezifana kokuwa indlu ka Habsburg, noma ekupheleni kwakuphethe eSontweni LamaRoma. Ukushicilelwa kwalezi zitatimende ukuthonya izenzakalo zezombusazwe kwaba nethonya elibi ku idumela umfundisi ophumelelayo.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngokushesha ngemva Comenius wabuyela Leszno phakathi Poland neSweden, impi, futhi ngo-1656-m Leszno labhujiswa ngokuphelele amabutho Polish. Walahlekelwa wonke amabhuku wemibhalo yakhe futhi futhi futhi baphoqeleka ukuba bashiye izwe. Wamenywa ukuba axazulule Amsterdam, lapho afike achitha khona eminyakeni esele yokuphila kwakhe endlini indodana abavikela zakhe zangaphambili Lawrence de Geer. Phakathi nale minyaka engu waphothula omningi, okuyinto sahlala iminyaka okungenani amabili, De rerum humanarum emendatione consultatio Catholica. Ehlanganisa izingxenye eziyisikhombisa zencwadi asonga ukuphila kwakhe konke futhi baba nengxoxo olunzulu on ngcono izinto zabantu. "Pampedii" afundiswe kumiswa jikelele ekulandulayo "Pansophia", base yayo kulandelwe "Panglottiya" imfundo unqobe izilimi ukuxuba, okuyinto eyenza abantu bakwazi ukuba iNguquko sokugcina. Nakuba izingxenye ezithile umsebenzi yashicilelwa 1702, kwakubhekwa njengento elahlekile kuze kube sekupheleni 1934, lapho kukhululwa incwadi ethi itholwe Galle. ke yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo ngokugcwele ngo-1966.

Comenius ungcwatshwa ibandla Wallonia e Naarden eduze nase-Amsterdam. ecabanga, kuyancomeka yi pietists German kwekhulu XVIII. Ezweni lakubo wayengumuntu ovelele waba iqhawe lesizwe nomlobi.

indlela ukukhanya

Yan Amose Komensky isebenza enikelwe kabusha zabo ngokushesha futhi ngempumelelo kuzo zonke izinto eziphathelene nempilo yomuntu emkhakheni wenkolo, umphakathi kanye nolwazi. Uhlelo sakhe sasithi "INdlela Umhlaba", esiklanyelwe ukukhanyiselwa okukhulu kungenzeka yomuntu ngaphambi ukubuya kwakhe osekuseduze ukuba lombuso wasemhlabeni Kweminyaka Kristu. imigomo Universal babe ehlonipha, ubuhle kanye nolwazi; Ukuhlakanipha siya ku kuzo zonke lezi zingxenye.

Ngakho, umthombo futhi umgomo wakho konke ukukhandleka umsebenzi Comenius kwaba yenkolo. izinkolelo zakhe kanye nezifiso olwabiwa kwabaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, kodwa isimiso sakhe kwaba, kude, ephelele iningi eziningi okuphakanyiswe ekhulwini XVII. Kwaba kakhulu iresiphi sensindiso ulwazi livuselwa ezingeni sokuhlakanipha jikelele noma Pansophia asekelwe lwemfundvo ezifanele. I-oda saphezulu sezinto ngesikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uyeza leminyaka elidlule, ehambisana kungenzeka ekufezeni kabusha jikelele ngokusebenzisa UKUSUNGULWA kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa kanye ukunwetshwa yokuhwebelana namanye amazwe Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, okuyinto okokuqala emlandweni ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke kwalo Mkhululi othenjisiwe entsha, ngokuhlakanipha ngilunge.

Njengoba umsebenzi wakhe Nkulunkulu ezifihliwe, umuntu kufanele uvule bebathathu vulamehlo: endalweni ebonakalayo, okuyinto kubonakaliswa ngamandla kaNkulunkulu; Man, abadalwa ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu futhi bembonisa ubufakazi bokuhlakanipha kwakhe kwaphezulu; izwi, nesithembiso intando kaNkulunkulu enhle maqondana indoda. Konke umuntu kudingeka awazi ukuthi, ukuba ezikhishwe izincwadi ezintathu: isimo, umqondo noma umoya womuntu, futhi imiBhalo. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu ukuhlakanipha, sinikezwe izinzwa, isizathu nokholo. Njengoba indoda nemvelo kukhona izidalwa zikaNkulunkulu, kufanele wabelane eyodwa futhi oda esifanayo, postulate, ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okuphelele kwazo zonke izinto bebodwa futhi beba nabo umqondo womuntu.

Yazi wena nemvelo

Le mfundiso owaziwa we macrocosm-microcosm kusinika ithemba lokuthi umuntu uyakwazi ngempela ukuthola ukuhlakanipha kuze kube manje ezinganeni. Wonke umuntu, ngakho-ke, kuba Pansophists, engunkulunkulu omncane. Amaqaba, abangenalo izwi phendla abakwazi ukufeza lokhu kuhlakanipha. Ngisho namaKristu, kuze kube muva nje, alahleka Maze amaphutha ngenxa yesiko kanye kuthonywa ukugeleza izincwadi, okuyinto kakhulu aqukethe ulwazi wahlukana. Umuntu kumelwe abheke kuphela imisebenzi saphezulu futhi ufunde ku ukushayisana oqondile ngezinto - ngosizo i kwesidumbu, njengoba ibizwa Comenius. UJan Amose imibono Pedagogical esekelwe lokuthi zonke ukuqeqeshwa uqala ukuba nolwazi izinzwa. It kulandela ukuthi ingqondo has imibono isegazini ezenza umuntu akwazi ukuqonda inqubo, ngazo uyaye. Izwe futhi ukuphila kwazo zonke umuntu esikoleni. Nature elikufundisayo, uthisha inceku imvelo futhi zemvelo - abapristi ethempelini nemvelo. Omunye kumele bazi ukuzithuthukisa nemvelo.

I-Encyclopedia of Ophila phakade

Ukuze uthole indlela aphume uxhaxha, indoda kudingeka ngentambo Ariadne sika, indlela ngalo ukubona oda izinto, ukuqonda izinjongo zazo. Le ndlela okufanele kwenziwe encwadini Pansophia lapho nemvelo kanye oda ingqondo yenu kuyovumelana kancane kancane uphokophele ukuhlakanipha nokuqonda. Ngeke aqukethe enye into ngaphandle ulwazi ukhonkolo kanye ewusizo, esikhundleni zonke ezinye izincwadi. Imininingwane Okugcwele irekhodi ihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi, kuyinto encyclopedia yangempela, ikakhulukazi coinciding ne "Igumbi" Roberta Guka izimangaliso zemvelo iRoyal Society, ihlelwe ngokuhambisana nezigaba Dzhona Uilkinsa e yakhe "Indzaba ku kufanekisa kweqiniso nolimi okwakushiwo ifilosofi yamaGreki." Belandela le ndlela yemvelo, abantu kalula ukuthola ubunikazi okugcwele okuphelele lonke ulwazi. Umphumela uyoba jikelele kweqiniso; futhi ngeke baphinde nanini babe oda yokukhanya nokuthula. Nge lolu shintsho yomuntu nezwe bayobuyela esimweni esifana nesika elaliphambi Fall.

Ukuqamba kwezemfundo

Yan Komensky, imfundo edingekayo ukuze ingane isencane ingane afunda ukuqhathanisa izinto futhi amazwi, wacabanga ulimi lwendabuko kuhlangana kwabo kokuqala iqiniso lokuthi akufanele zifihlwe uwangala nasemiqondweni ayiqondakali kahle. Foreign esikoleni ulimi - ikakhulukazi emazweni angomakhelwane, bese-Latin - Kufanele tifundziswe esimeni unina, futhi izincwadi esikoleni kufanele ulandele indlela Pansophia. "Umnyango izilimi" ngeke anikele ukwaziswa okufanayo njengoba "umnyango izinto", futhi laba ababili bayoba encyclopedia encane. zesikole kufanele ihlukaniswe ngokuvumelana amaqembu eminyaka nokukhathalela kuphela lezo zinto ngaphakathi nakho kwengane ukuthi. Ngokuxhumana jikelele IsiLatin, kodwa Comenius babelangazela ukuvela ulimi ephelele zefilosofi ukuthi siyobonisa Pansophia indlela, hhayi edukisayo, futhi bekungeke kube uninformative. Ulimi - kumane othwala ulwazi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalo kweqiniso nokufundisa iyindlela engcono sifinyelele ukukhanya nokuhlakanipha.

Ukuphila kokuba School

Yan Komensky, okuyinto didactics Kwakungashunyayezwa kuphela maqondana ngefundo ehlelekileko nesemthethweni esikolweni, kodwa futhi wonke amaqembu wobudala, ayekholelwa ukuthi zonke ukuphila isikole futhi balungiselela ukuphila okuphakade. Abafana namantombazane kudingeka ufunde ndawonye. Njengoba bonke abantu babe ukuthi banesifiso semvelo ulwazi ehlonipha, badinga ukuba baqeqeshwe ngendlela okuvele ukudlala. Kuhlawuliswa ngeke sisetshenziswe. cwaningo Kubi akulona iphutha umfundi, futhi ubufakazi ukwehluleka likathisha ukuze sonke sifeze indima yayo ngokuthi "inceku imvelo" noma "Umbelethisi wolwazi, 'njengoba Comenius.

Yan Amose, imibono Pedagogical eyayibonakala ibhekwa njengomlando wesonto obaluleke kakhulu, futhi mhlawumbe umnikelo wakhe kuphela isayensi, kwawona nje umcabango wabo kuphela njengendlela yokuthola ukuguqulwa jikelele wesintu, isisekelo okwakukhona Pansophia yenkolo - ngesisusa eqondisa kuphela. Ubuningi izingcaphuno kweBhayibheli emisebenzini yakhe iyisikhumbuzo yaphakade yalesi mthombo. Yan Komensky incwadi yeziprofetho kaDaniyeli neyesAmbulo kaJohane kubhekwe izindlela avelele yokwazi i yeminyaka okuseduze. Indaba ka-Adamu amagama isandla ku "Genesise" futhi ukuhlakanipha kukaSolomoni ezimise umbono wakhe indoda futhi inkolelo yakhe ukuze, njengoba sibonakala ngokwanda Pansophia ngoba uNkulunkulu 'zonke izinto ngesilinganiso kanye nenombolo nesisindo. " Wancika ehilela eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye izakhiwo isakhi Nethempeli LikaSolomoni. Ngaye, le ndoda yayingazimisele Adamu, maphakathi indalo. Uyazi ukuyona yonke imvelo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela Izilawuli ulisebenzisa. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho bomuntu kuphela ingxenye ukuguqulwa okuphelele kwalelizwe lamanje, angathathwa kabusha wadala ubumsulwa yakhe yasekuqaleni nokuhleleka, futhi kuyoba inkokhiso esizidlula kumdlali.

Umuntu isikhathi sakhe

Yan Amose Komensky abaze umnikelo isayensi lwalumhlabe alien ekuthuthukiseni isayensi, eyaqala ngaleso sikhathi. Made nezinye ukuhlolwa umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa akunakwa ngokuphelele kwencika yayo phezu postulates priori futhi orientation yayo yenkolo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungu abambalwa besifazane yi-Royal Society yabonisa ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu imicabango yakhe. IsiQubulo weNhlangano Nullius e Verba ophethe indawo ebalulekile encwadini Comenius "ifilosofi yemvelo, isimo ngokwenziwa ibe Khanyisa Kwaphezulu," futhi bobabili okuqukethwe, it kunencazelo efanayo. Lesi yisikhumbuzo sokuthi isiko nokuqashelwa kukhona arbiters ayisekho weqiniso. Unikelwe nemvelo, futhi i-surveillance kuyinkosi komthombo oluqondile. Kabanzi zaxoxa ngenkinga ngobudlelwane phakathi Comenius nasekuqaleni kwawo-Royal Society namanje ingakasombululeki, ikakhulu ngenxa ingxoxo kusekelwe ukwazana olungaphelele kanye lemisebenzi yakhe, futhi cishe NGOKUPHELELEYO unaware of ukuxhumana kwakhe.

Izitatimende ngethonya we Czech wezinguquko ku Leibniz ihaba kakhulu. Kwakuwukubonakaliswa ejwayelekile ngakho izinkolelo, izimfundiso izinkinga zangaleso sikhathi, ukuthi imibono okufanayo kuboniswe ngabanye, bangazihluphi indawo evelele emsebenzini ekuseni ka Leibniz. Yan Amose Komensky imibono yakhe wahosha kusukela imfundiso yenkolo zamaBohemia Brothers (nokuthambekela kwabo okunamandla chiliastic), kanye ezifana Ubuntu adumile njengoba Johann Valentin Andreae, Yakob Beme, Nikolay Kuzansky, Juan Luis Vives, Bacon, Campanella, uRaymond ka Sabunde (Theologia Naturalis okuyinto wanyathelisa e-Amsterdam ngo-1661, obizwa ngokuthi Oculus fidei) kanye Mersenne, ogama ukuxhumana sikhombisa isimo sengqondo esihle Comenius kanye nomsebenzi wakhe.