Alkadienes - abamele ejwayelekile ye-hydrocarbon unsaturated

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes formula okuyinto zingafani kuma-athomu e-hydrogen kukhona hydrocarbon. Cabangela izici ekilasini ngalinye, uhlobo hybridization, izakhiwo isici.

paraffins

hydrocarbon ayegcwele abe jikelele ifomula C _n H _{2N + 2.} Bonke isibopho phakathi ama-athomu ye-hydrogen ne-carbon olulodwa. Uma ekusabeleni ehlukanisa eyodwa e-hydrogen, alkane is baguqukela kuyizinhlayiyana asebenzayo - olukhulu. Amalungu sokuqala salolu chungechunge kukhona izinto gaseous okuyizinto kancane oncibilikayo emanzini.

Nge ukwanda isibalo carbon solubility incipha esikuziphathimandla main, bese udlulisa hydrocarbon phakathi okuqinile isimo aggregate ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.

Phakathi ezinkulu zamakhemikhali izakhiwo esivela bale ekilasini, thina ukuhlukanisa esikhundleni. Ngenxa yokuthi konke ukuxhumana ayegcwele, uxhumano alkanes uncharacteristically. Njengabo bonke abanye izinto eziphilayo, alkanes basabela nomoya-mpilo (omlilo), ngenxa okuyinto amandla ikhishwe. Le nqubo ibizwa endothermic, kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni for amalahle izakhiwo kwizakhamuzi kanye namabhizinisi.

cycloalkanes

Isici alesi sigaba zishintshe kuba phambi isakhiwo avaliwe. Ifomula jikelele hydrocarbon kwesizathu ifomu C _n H _2N. Banikezwe isakhiwo ethile ekilasini, zinezikhathi yokusabela esikhundleni ohlangothini uchungechunge, ne-hydrogen kwalokho, okuyinto kuhambisana umjikelezo ekubhujisweni.

alkenes

Esikhathini uchungechunge homologous formula jikelele ethylene ine _2N ifomu C _n H _{+ 2.} Izici esasenza hydrocarbon (naphthenes) ukugqamisa khona isibopho double phakathi kwama-athomu carbon. kwakhiwa Pi-isibopho ngenxa kokuncishiswa we ezimbili ze-non-hybrid p-orbitals ku eduze carbon ama-athomu.

Ithola hhayi kuphela khona i-carbon uhlobo hybridization e alkenes, kodwa futhi isici chemical izakhiwo zonke amalungu alesi sigaba of organic compounds. ukuphendula qualitative ngoba unsaturation (double) isibopho ngeke ashintshe umbala amanzi uxhumano lokudlulisa.

Basabela kanjani cleavage ngesibopho double ngokujoyina i-molecule ye-halo alkene. Ngaphezu ukusabela eyinqaba nobuntu kulolu chungechunge homologous, futhi sihlobana ukushintsha kombala potassium permanganate.

Phakathi nendawo ethylene futhi homologues yayo ngempela ukuba ukhethe nezinye izinhlobo kwalokho ukusabela. Esikhathini hydrogenation (ukuphendula hydrogen), ukwakheka alkane elihambisana. Hydration (ngamanzi) kanye gidrogalogenirovanie (hydrogen halide-molecule) uqhubeke kusukela alkenes unsaturated ngu Markovnikov umthetho.

essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi uma kokujoyina alkene nesimmetrichnmou (lwenethiwekhi 1) molecule yamanzi noma hydrogen halide cleavage ngesibopho double. Hydrogen yengezwe nokuxhumana we hydrogenated (hydrogen ayegcwele) carbon athomu, futhi gidroksogrupp noma Halogen enamathiselwe N. okungenani hydrogenated

Ngaphandle kokwengeza ukuba ethylene futhi homologues yayo libhekene ukusabela polymerization. Kusuka isitokwe monomer encane ukwakha ezinkulu polymer-molecule ehlanganisa amayunithi ezifanayo kwesakhiwo. Polymerization is kabanzi embonini chemical sokuthuthukiswa amapulasitiki yesimanje.

alkadienes

Okokuqala, alkadienes - kuyinto hydrocarbon unsaturated kokuba ifomula jikelele C _n H _{2N + 2.} Kukhona yini ukufana ezithile phakathi abamele uchungechunge homologous nge alkenes. Njengoba alkadienes - kuba hydrocarbon unsaturated, ngoba futhi libhekene ukusabela kwalokho.

Umehluko ukuthi dienes kuyinto unsaturated izibopho ezimbili double, ngakho ukubusa ngokugcwele adinga ngokweqile amanzi uxhumano lokudlulisa, i-hydrogen, amanzi, i-hydrogen halide.

Abamele ezinye propadiene ungene yokusabela polymerization. Imikhiqizo etholakele ngesikhathi lesi simo isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa zokwenziwa iraba, iraba womshini. Njengoba alkadienes - kuyinto izinto unsaturated ukuphendula qualitative ngenxa yokuzimisela kwabo ngeke ashintshe umbala potassium permanganate kanye amanzi uxhumano lokudlulisa. Alkadienes uchungechunge homologous oqala propadiene, kukhona uketshezi noma ukudla okuqinile.

Phakathi izicelo bale ekilasini ukwaba ukukhiqizwa materials polymeric.

alkynes

Esikhathini uchungechunge homologous acetylene ifomula jikelele C _n H _2N-2. Uma alkadienes - into yakhiwa izibopho ezimbili double, ngokuba alkyne libhekene ngesibopho kathathu. ukuphendula qualitative esibophweni engunxantathu alkynes ngoba quin ngokuthi ukuxhumana nabameleli alesi sigaba kwakwakhe eziyinkimbinkimbi - diamine hydroxide esiliva (1). Ukuxhumana kwe-usawoti kwakhiwa - acetylide esiliva.

Abamele kulolu chungechunge homologous kukhona isomers interclass ka alkadienes. Ngokufanayo, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes sonke sisabela ne kwalokho Halogen, i-hydrogen, i-hydrogen halide, ngamanzi. Lapho exhunywe molecule acetylene lemali enganele hydrogen ekhiqizwa ethylene. Endabeni ukuxhumana ne-hydrogen ngokweqile ikhiqizwa ethane acetylene (hydrocarbon elihlale).

isiphetho

Alkynes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, amakhemikhali izakhiwo okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla, ukufanekisa ukufana okuyisisekelo nalokwehlukile emkhatsini amakilasi ezahlukene izinto. Zonke hydrocarbon e isakhiwo sibe carbon ne-hydrogen athomu, kukhona ngakho fuel kakhulu.