Amandla Zomhlaba. Amandla elanga adonsela phansi Umhlaba

ushintsho ngamunye kudinga njalo umzamo othile. Noma yiluphi ushintsho ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle ithonya. Futhi isibonelo sobala - ikhaya lethu iplanethi, kwakheka bedle izici ezihlukahlukene ku izigidigidi zeminyaka. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi izinguquko njalo kule izinqubo Zomhlaba - kuwumphumela amabutho angaphandle hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi yangaphakathi, nalezo ekujuleni ezibilinini we geosphere.

Futhi uma emashumini amabili eminyaka noma ezintathu, ubuso iplanethi yethu singashintsha kakhulu, kusobala ukuthi ngeke engadingekile ukuqonda izinqubo, umthelela okwaholela ke.

ukushintsha kusuka ngaphakathi

Amagquma futhi agcwalise, namabhampa maholoholo, kanye izici nezinye eziningi zosizo umhlaba - konke njalo olusha, ushayeke phansi futhi sidala amabutho yangaphakathi enamandla. Ngokuvamile, nesenzakalo yabo uhlala ngaphandle ensimini kwethu futhi sizibona ngokucacile. Nokho, ngisho kwesokudla ngalesi sikhathi, i-Earth kancane kancane ngaphansi izinguquko ezithile ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi liyobe selilikhulu.

Selokhu beingness zamaRoma namaGreki asendulo babebhekwa nokukhuthaza subsidence lwezigaba ezahlukene lithosphere, okubangela izinguquko wabuka wezilwandle, ezweni nasolwandle. ucwaningo eside besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene namadivayisi uqinisekise lesi ngokugcwele.

Ukuphakama izintaba

Slow ezihambayo izigaba zomuntu ngamunye uqweqwe kancane kancane kuholela superposed yabo. Lapho sibhekene ngokunyakaza ovundlile, goba kwezakhi zabo, crumple bese ugoba siguqulelwa izikali ezahlukene kanye steepness. isayensi Ubude ihlukanisa ezimbili izinhlobo ukunyakaza orogenic (orogeny)

• Bulging ezivuzayo - amafomu njengoba emphethweni ayizindunduma (emikhulu) kanye ngilugweda (ukucindezeleka ezindaweni entabeni). Kuyinto kusukela kule kwakukhona igama ezintabeni eligoqiwe ukuthi kancane kancane wabhubhisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusale kuphela isisekelo. On ke futhi zakha emathafeni.
• Aphuke - kumiswa umhlaba angeke umbimbi kuphela emphethweni, kodwa ngaphansi amaphutha. kwakhiwa Ngakho nesibaya-block (noma nje blocky) Mount: skids, emikhombeni, nedlanzana kubo kanye nezinye izingxenye ziphakame ukufuduka mpo (ephakamisa / ukwehlisa phansi) izingxenye uqweqwe maqondana nomunye.

Kodwa amandla angaphakathi zomhlaba uyakwazi hhayi kuphela crease namathafa ezintabeni kucekelwe phansi izinhlaka zezinkulumo ubudala wezintaba. Movement izingqimba lithospheric futhi zisenza sibe ukuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo, okuyinto zivame ukuhambisana kokubhubhisa sethusa futhi lokufa kwabantu.

Breathing aphume emathunjini

Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi evamile umuntu ngamunye igama elithi "mlilo" ezikhathini zasendulo kwakuwukuthi ithoni esongelayo kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, imbangela lomkhuba isiko eliphathelene ne-ukungajabuli onkulunkulu kweqiniso. Okuphuma ekujuleni magma ageleza kubhekwe yokujezisa kanzima ukwephulwa phezu abafayo. ukulahlekelwa inhlekelele ngenxa mlilo eyaziwa selokhu ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elihle kakhulu elalizothatha Roman yasePompeii iye kusulwe ebusweni Earth. Amandla emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi yembula amandla okubuhlungu intabamlilo manje owaziwa iVesuvius. By the way, zabhalwa ethemini ngokomlando agodliwe kwabaseRoma. Bayibiza unkulunkulu wabo lomlilo.

Ngoba umuntu yesimanje le ntaba-mlilo - egqumeni Isigaxa emise phezu imifantu emagxolweni. Ngabo kuya ebusweni bomhlaba, ulwandle noma ulwandle phansi ukuqhuma magma amagesi futhi idwala izinsalela. Maphakathi yale mfundo iwukusiza wentaba (kusukela lesiGreki - "indebe"), lapho imlalile. Lapho magma osemanzi, sikhule size sibe lava bese lwakha uhlaka intaba-mlilo. Nokho, ngisho nasemithambekeni lokhu Isigaxa ngokuvamile imifantu, kanjalo zakha isimiso asemigodini yisinanakazana.

Kaningi ukuqhuma ephelezelwa njengokungathi ngokuzamazama komhlaba. Kodwa ingozi enkulu ngoba zonke izinto eziphilayo nje kwekhabhoni kusukela Earth. Ukukhululwa igesi kusukela magma kuyashesha kakhulu, ukuqhuma okunamandla kanjalo kamuva - kuyinsakavukela.

Ngu uhlobo senzo izintaba-mlilo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana:

• Operating - labo kuqhuma le ntaba zokugcina zazo zikhona ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke phakathi kwabo: iVesuvius (Italy), iPopocatepetl (eMexico), Etna (Spain).
• Izindawo ezingaba asebenzayo - ziqhuma akuvamile (iminyaka kanye njalo abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa).
• Ezingasekho - lena isimo izintabamlilo ukuqhuma zokugcina zazo documentary ubufakazi engakaze balondolozwa.

umthelela ukuzamazama komhlaba

Amashifu rocks ngokuvamile avuse iyehla iyenyuka okusheshayo futhi oqinile uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuvamile kakhulu kule ndawo sezintaba eziphakeme - kwalezindawo esaqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo kwakhiwa.

Lapho kwazalelwa izinguquko uqweqwe eMhlabeni ibizwa ngokuthi ekujuleni hypocenter (kwemizi). Kusukela isekela amagagasi adala kunyakaza. eshayeka - iphuzu emhlabathini, isikhungo itholakala ngqo ngaphansi kwazo. Kule ndawo kukhona ukuzamazama eziqine. Njengoba eminye kude leli phuzu bona ngokushelela eshabalalayo.

Isayensi seismology, etadisha mkhuba ukuzamazama komhlaba, lukhombisa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko lokuzamazama komhlaba:

1. Tectonic - orogenic isici esiyinhloko. Kuyinto umphumela ushayisile zamapulatifomu wasolwandle kanye nasemazweni.
2. Volcanic - umphumela red-hot lava kwemali, kanye negesi kusukela subsurface. Ngokuvamile abasakwazi ababuthakathaka, nakuba kungase kuthathe amasonto ambalwa. Ngokuvamile kukhona harbingers ka iqhuma le ntaba-mlilo, okuyinto igcwele nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kunalokho.
3. Landslip - uvuke Ngokuwa izingqimba engenhla yomhlaba esehlanganise imigodi ngokwabo.

Amandla okuzamazama komhlaba kunqunywa ngezinga elingelikhulu Richter usebenzisa instrumentation seismological. Futhi aba maningi amplitude we amagagasi ekhiqizwa kuleli komhlaba, siyoba sikhulu umonakalo. Ukuzamazama komhlaba umpofu, kulinganiswa at 1-4 amaphuzu, kungenziwa indiva. Baloba a mishini ekhethekile ebucayi seismological. Ukuze abantu babe ziyabonakala ngesimo esiphezulu shaking ingilazi noma kancane ezihambayo izifundo. Ngo iningi yakhe awabonakali ngokuphelele iso.

Futhi, ekushintshashintsheni amaphuzu 5-7 bungase buholele ezihlukahlukene ukulimala, noma ezincane. ukuzamazama komhlaba Stronger kakade usongo olukhulu, kokushiya isakhiwo wonakele wabhubhisa cishe ngokuphelele ingqalasizinda futhi ukulahlekelwa womuntu.

Minyaka yonke Seismology oda ukubhalisa ayizinkulungwane 500 yasemhlabeni uqweqwe oscillations. Ngenhlanhla, kuphela okwesihlanu leyo nombolo ngempela obuzwiwa abantu kuphela 1,000 wabo ukuletha umonakalo wangempela.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi kuthinta indlu yethu ezivamile ezivela ngaphandle

Ngokuqhubekayo ekushintsheni sendawo kule planethi, amandla angaphakathi Zomhlaba asihlali ematheni isici ukwakha. Ngqo abantu abahilelekile kule nqubo futhi izici eziningi zangaphandle.

Ukubhubhisa semfene eziningi futhi zokuvala amazinyo anezimbobo komhlaba, baba ukwethula neqhaza elikhulu inqubo ushintsho esiqhubekayo komhlaba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphezu egeleza amanzi, imimoya futhi isenzo elimazayo amandla adonsela phansi, ngqo ku-iplanethi yabo efanayo futhi sisebenzela.

umoya ezishintshwe

Ukubhujiswa nokuguqulwa idwala ikakhulukazi okwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya weathering. Akukona ukudala letisha impumuzo, kodwa ubulala ukudla okuqinile ukuze isimo okuxekethile.

Ngo ezivulekile lapho azikho amahlathi nezinye izithiyo, isihlabathi nezinhlayiyana ubumba ngosizo imimoya angahamba amabanga amade. Ngemva kwalokho, bakha amaqoqo landforms aeolian (the gama livela kankulunkulu wamaGreki Aeolus - umbusi imimoya).

Isibonelo - amagquma anesihlabathi. Dunes ehlane kukhona kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya emoyeni. Kwezinye izimo, ukuphakama yabo ifinyelela amakhulu amamitha.

Ngendlela efanayo kungaba buthelela sedimentary idwala imali, ehlanganisa uthuli. Banezinhliziyo umbala lemicu empunga elinamathela othini-aphuzi futhi zibizwa ngokuthi loess.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi, ehamba ngesivinini esiphakeme, ezihlukahlukene izinhlayiya hhayi kuphela buthelela ukwakheka entsha, kodwa futhi kancane kancane abhubhise nazo endleleni yayo sendawo.

Weathering yamadwala kuyinto izinhlobo ezine:

1. Chemical - itholakala zamakhemikhali phakathi amaminerali kanye imvelo (amanzi, umoya-mpilo, isikhutha). Ngenxa yalokho, emadwaleni noma ashiswa, nengxube yawo ahlupheke izinguquko kumiswa eminye amaminerali ezintsha kanye compounds.
2. Physical - mechanical kubangela wokugoqa yamadwala bedle ezicini eziningana. I weathering lokuqala ngokomzimba kwenzeka uma eside lokushisa ukuhlukahluka emini. Umoya kanye ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo futhi mudslides izici ezifanayo weathering ngokomzimba.
3. Eziphilayo - kwenziwe iqhaza eziphilayo, omisebenzi yakhe kuholela ukudalwa ukwakheka qualitatively entsha - inhlabathi. Effect zezitshalo nezilwane kuboniswa e izinqubo mechanical: kwasani rocks emuva izinselo, izimbobo ukumba, njll Ikakhulukazi ezinkulu indima begazi weathering fanele nezilwanyana ezincane ...
4. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo, noma weathering welanga. Isibonelo esingokoqobo idwala ekubhujisweni ngaphansi kuzichaya - regolith Lunar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emisebeni weathering amathonya futhi phezu eshiwo ngaphambili izinhlobo ezintathu.

Zonke lezi zinhlobo weathering ngokuvamile avele inhlanganisela, ezihlanganiswe okuhlukile. Nokho, izimo ezahlukene zezulu futhi kungathinta predominance kothile. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni sezulu kanye nezindawo entabeni ende wayevame ukubhekana weathering ngokomzimba. Ukuze izifunda sezulu esibandayo lapho okushisa ngokuvamile iyashintshashintsha-0 degrees Celsius, libhekene hhayi kuphela yisithwathwa ukuguguleka komhlabathi, kodwa futhi kuhlanganiswe chemical organic.

imiphumela okudonsa

Ngiphakathi uhlu amabutho angaphandle eplanethini yethu ngeke iphelele ngaphandle kukhulunywa nokuxhumana eyisisekelo zonke izinto ezibonakalayo - iyona amandla elanga adonsela phansi Earth.

izici eziningi Labhujiswa yemvelo kanye eyenziwe, amadwala zihlale kuncike ukuhamba umhlabathi ezindaweni upland phezu ephansi. Ngakho eyenziwe kwenhlabathi, doti, wahlala kwenzeke kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kolwandle. Amandla elanga adonsela phansi Umhlaba unganakile kungase kubonakale into engabonakali ngokumelene isizinda zokubonisa iziphi izici zangaphandle enamandla futhi iyingozi. Ukanti konke nethonya layo ngempumuzo kule planethi kungadla nje angabekwa ngaphandle amandla adonsela phansi.

Sizokwenza baqonde kabanzi nge umthelela ukuthi isiphi amandla adonsela phansi. Esikhathini nemibandela iplanethi yethu isisindo iyiphi kulomzimba ilingana amandla Luhambo Zomhlaba. Ngo Mechanics classical, lobu budlelwane lichaza zonke ezaziwayo esikoleni, umthetho Newton kwamandla adonsela phansi jikelele. Ngokusho kwakhe, F lilingana umkhiqizo phansi m g, lapho m - mass into, futhi g - ukusheshisa ngokuwa khulula (alinganayo njalo 10). Amandla ebusweni adonsela phansi eMhlabeni sithinta bonke umzimba okokuhlaba kuso, futhi ukuyivala. Uma emzimbeni kuthinta kuphela ukukhangana okudonsa (nazo zonke ezinye acekela Okusizayo olinganiselayo), it is ngaphansi ukuwa. Kodwa kubo bonke enhle yayo endaweni lapho amabutho esebenza emzimbeni ngaso ebusweni Zomhlaba, eqinisweni, offset, isici cleaner. Empeleni kwansuku okumelwe sibhekane nabo ngempela nesimo esihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-into falling emoyeni ihlasela abesilisa ukubaluleka komoya ukumelana. Futhi nakuba ukuphoqa adonsela phansi eMhlabeni kuyoba abe makhulu kakhulu, le ndiza ngeke ngempela khulula nge ncazelo.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, imiphumela gravity alikho kuphela izimo iplanethi yethu, kodwa futhi ezingeni esimiso sethu sonozungezilanga sisonke. Ngokwesibonelo, yini enye edonsela inyanga? Umhlaba noma Sun? Njengoba ingenayo degree engokwesayensi emkhakheni yezinkanyezi, eziningi ngokuqinisekile kusimangaze impendulo.

Ngoba amandla okudonsa Earth satellite ezithela solar cishe izikhathi 2.5! Kunengqondo ukucabanga ngendlela umzimba wasezulwini akusho ukwehlukanisa Moon kusukela iplanethi yethu nge nethonya elinamandla kangaka? Phela, kulokhu, ukubaluleka okuyinto ilingana amandla elanga adonsela phansi isihlobo Earth satellite, lungaphezu kunabayeni ilanga. Ngenhlanhla, isayensi uyakwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo.

Astronautics ezicatshangelwayo zezinkolelo-Ezimweni ezinjalo isebenzisa imiqondo eziningana:

• Ububanzi umzimba M1 - endaweni ezungezile emhlabeni into M1, ngaphakathi kwalo la i into ezihambayo m;
• M umzimba - into ezihamba ngokukhululekile okungaphansi kwenkululeko into M1;
• M2 umzimba - into, banethonya okuphazamisayo ukunyakaza.

Kunengqondo - ukuba amandla juqu gravity. Umhlaba edonsela Moon mancane kakhulu kunelanga, kodwa kukhona nesinye isici, esesikhundleni umthelela sokugcina.

Lonke essence wukuqinisekisa ukuthi M2 azama ngazo ukuphula ubuhlobo okudonsa phakathi kwezinto m futhi M1 ngokubapha accelerations ezahlukene. Inani lale ipharamitha incike ibanga into M2. Nokho, umehluko phakathi amaningi adluliselwa accelerations umzimba m ne-M2 M1 lincane umehluko accelerations m futhi M1 ngqo yesisindo yokugcina. Lokhu ehilelekile yisona sizathu esenza M2 akakwazi likhiphe m kusuka M1.

Cabanga usesimweni esifana Umhlaba (M1), ilanga (M2) kanye Moon (m). Umehluko we accelerations, okuyinto kudala ilanga okuphathelene nomhlaba kanye nenyanga, esingaphansi ukusheshisa isilinganiso izikhathi 90, okuyizinto sici isihlobo inyanga enkanjini yomhlaba ka senzo (ubukhulu bayo - 0.38 million - 1 million amakhilomitha, ibanga phakathi Zomhlaba kanye Moon angu). A indima ebalulekile hhayi eyadlalwa amandla ngalo umhlaba edonsela inyanga, futhi iningi umehluko ukusheshisa phakathi kwazo. Ngenxa yalesi elangeni kungaba kuphela deform emzileni enyangeni, kodwa kalemukelanga kude iplanethi yethu.

Asihambe nakakhulu: imiphumela gravity ngokwamazinga sici nezinye izinto ezingafani yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga. Yini kahle hle ithinta, unikezwa iqiniso lokuthi amandla adonsela phansi Emhlabeni ihlukile kakhulu nasesikhathini kwamanye amaplanethi?

Lokhu kuzothinta hhayi kuphela ukunyakaza amatshe kanye kumiswa letisha impumuzo, kodwa futhi isisindo sabo. Ngempela uqaphele ukuthi le ipharamitha kunqunywa adonsela phansi. Kuyinto ngqo wakhona mass planethi kubhekwe futhi inhlukanozigaba kuya skwele engaba efanayo.

Ukube bekungengenxa umhlaba wethu isicaba-pole sendlala iseduze nenkabazwe, isisindo umzimba kubo bonke ubuso planethi kungaba okufanayo. Kodwa asihlali ibhola ephelele, futhi engaba bhé lungaphezu Arctic cishe 21 km. Ngenxa isisindo into efanayo ngeke ibe nzima imisebenzi kuma-pole kanye yenkabazwe kuyinto elula. Kodwa ngisho nakulezi amaphuzu amabili, amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni ehlukile kancane. umehluko Miniscule e isisindo into efanayo kungenziwa kuphela kulinganiswa usebenzisa ukulinganisela entwasahlobo.

Kuyinto isimo sihluke kakhulu ngokuya eminye imihlaba. Ngokucaca, thina asigcizelela Mars. IMisa planethi ebomvu ngaphandle kwenkinga kancane izikhathi 9,31 emhlabeni, futhi engaba - izikhathi 1,88 ezincane. Isici sokuqala, ngokulandelana, ukunciphisa amandla adonsela phansi on Mars kuqhathaniswa ne iplanethi yethu ngezinye izikhathi 9.31. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isici sesibili endabeni nesanda izikhathi zalo 3.53 (1.88 yisikwele). Ngenxa yalokho, amandla adonsela phansi kuyi-Mars cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu Umhlaba (3.53: 9.31 = 0.38). Ngakho, idwala emhlabeni 100 kg ngeke nesisindo on Mars ncamashi 38 kg.

Miphi amandla sizalwa nawo yesisindo Earth, ungafaniswa kumugqa owodwa phakathi Uranus futhi Venus (ukukhangana somhlaba izikhathi esingaphansi 0.9) ne-Neptune ne-Jupiter (bona ukudonsa okungaphezu kwamandla ethu izikhathi 1.14 futhi 2.3, ngokulandelana). Ithonya kulencane gravity imakwe Pluto - e 15.5 esingaphansi imvelo eMhlabeni izikhathi. Kodwa Luhambo esiqine athe njó ilanga. Kwedlula izikhathi zethu 28. Ngamanye amazwi, isisindo umzimba 70 kg emhlabeni kwakuzoba potyazhelel angaba ngu-2.

Ngaphansi ungqimba lwamanga amanzi amaconsi ngokusebenzisa

Esinye isici esibalulekile ngomdali nomchithi impumuzo ngesikhathi - emanzini ahamba. Igelezela kuzo ukuhamba kwayo akha emfuleni ezibanzi ezigodini, emihosheni futhi ezihosheni. Nokho, ngisho nengcosana at ukunyakaza okudliwa uyakwazi ukwakha impumuzo udonga esikhundleni emathafeni.

Isibhakela indlela yakho ngokusebenzisa zonke izithiyo - akulona kuphela ohlangothini umphumela imisinga. La mandla enza umzimba sangaphandle futhi osebenza njengokuvimbelayo izingcezwana Transporter idwala. Njengoba ukwakha ezihlukahlukene impumuzo kumiswa (isib emathafeni flat kanye neziqu emifuleni).

Special indlela ithonya agelezayo ezithinta rocks encibilikayo (limestone, wokulinganisa, Gypsum, idwala usawoti) elitholakala eduze umhlaba. River kancane wabasusa indlela yakhe, begijima ekujuleni ingaphakathi eMhlabeni. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi Karst, ngenxa yalokho-ke kudala landforms entsha. Caves futhi sinkholes, elilengayo futhi stalagmites, sakwalasha emigodini komhlaba - konke lokhu kuwumphumela womsebenzi eside futhi kakhulu kwamanzi uquqaba.

ice isici

Kanye agelezayo, ice ukuthatha ezingengaphansi ahileleke ukubhujiswa, ezokuthutha kanye sebethule amatshe. ukudala Ngakho letisha zosizo, eshelelayo amatshe, ukwakha moraine amagquma, emikhulu futhi agcwalise. Lokhu kaningi zigcwele amanzi, kuphenduke amachibi Glacial.

Ukubhujiswa amatshe ngu glacial ngokuthi likhiphe (ukuguguleka glacial). Ngu ekujuleni izigodi umfula, ubafundisa ice embhedeni futhi udonga ukuze nengcindezi enamandla. izinhlayiya friable idabukile off, ingxenye yazo ukumisa, ngaleyondlela baphose esivivaneni ukunwetshwa odongeni ngezansi ukujula. Ngenxa yalokho, emfuleni izigodi athathe isimo amelane ekunyusweni ice - Iphrofayela wokuxovela emise. Noma, ngokuvumelana negama lawo yesayensi, emikhombeni glacial.

izinguzunga zeqhwa Ukuqeda kunomthelela Zander - okwakheke ethafeni ehlanganisa amanzi ayiqhwa zanqwabelana izinhlayiya zesihlabathi.

Singabantu ibutho zangaphandle Zomhlaba

Banikezwe amabutho yangaphakathi esebenza emhlabeni, futhi iziphi izici zangaphandle, sekuyisikhathi ukusho kwami nawe - engesiyo eminyakeni kweshumi kuqala kuletha izinguquko ezinkulu ngokuphila emhlabeni.

Zonke izinhlobo zosizo, wadala umuntu, okuthiwa yabantu (kusukela anthropos Greek - indoda, genesisum - imvelaphi, futhi isi-Latin isici - ibhizinisi). Namuhla share sengonyama yalolu hlobo yomsebenzi Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla. Futhi ezintsha, ucwaningo, kanye nokwesekwa umxhwele lwezimali oluvela enhlanganweni i / imithombo yomphakathi esihlinzeka ukuthuthukiswa yayo okusheshayo. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, njalo kuvusa Ukwenyuka kwesilinganiso yemitselela yeluntfu yabantu.

Ikakhulukazi wadalula yezinguquko emathafeni. Le ndawo bekulokhu kuqala for isiphetho, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kanye nengqalasizinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaba umkhuba wansuku zonke ukwakhiwa embankments futhi yokululama yokufakelwa impumuzo.

Ukushintsha imvelo futhi ngenjongo yezimayini. Ngosizo ubuchwepheshe abantu umbe umsebenzi omkhulu, imiphini yamba, wenze izindunduma phansi udoti idwala zokulahla.

Ngokuvamile kulesi silinganiso yezenzo zesintu futhi ifaniswe ithonya kwezinqubo ezingokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yentuthuko zanamuhla kwezobuchwepheshe kusenza sikwazi ukusukumela phezulu udale iziteshi omkhulu. Futhi ukuba sifushane nesikhathi esishiwo, uma iqhathaniswa ukwakheka efanayo emfuleni nezigodi ukugeleza kwamanzi.

Izinqubo ukwa nesimo sendawo, ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuguguleka komhlabathi, zaba zimbi kakhulu izenzo zabantu. Okokuqala imiphumela emibi inhlabathi edalulwa. Lokhu kuyabasiza kubenze zilima nemithambeka ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okudlangile, ukuphuza ziklabe izinkomo, ebeka eceleni komgwaqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho ihambisana ukuguguleka okwandisa ngebelo ukwakhiwa (ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zokuhlala, edinga umsebenzi onjalo ezengeziwe, ezifana isisekelo, lapho amandla elinganisiwe we ukumelana emhlabeni).

I leminyaka elidlule kwaphawulwa ukuguguleka cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabantu ezweni kutshalwa emhlabeni. Ambitious kunazo kilelihlelo iphutha ezindaweni ezinkulu zezolimo Russia, e-USA, China ne-India. Ngenhlanhla, le nkinga ezweni ukuguguleka ngenkuthalo ziqondiswe ezingeni lomhlaba wonke jikelele. Nokho, umnikelo main ekunciphiseni imiphumela elimazayo emhlabeni futhi kabusha ukusungulwa ezindaweni wabhujiswa kuzoletha ucwaningo, ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezindlela kwesicelo sabo umuntu akwazi ukufunda nokubhala.