Hydrocarbon unsaturated: alkenes, izakhiwo wamakhemikhali nezibulala isicelo

Alkenes - hydrocarbon unsaturated kabani molecule phakathi athomu amabili-carbon, omunye isibopho double. Avame ngokuthi hydrocarbon ethylene chungechunge, ngoba ethylene elula omele NC2 = CH2. olefins Ngezinye izikhathi lezi hydrocarbon zibizwa ngokuthi alkenes gaseous ukusabela nge uxhumano lokudlulisa noma chlorine ukwakha compounds oily ukuthi akuzona oncibilikayo emanzini. Igama elithi "alkenes" IUPAC ngesilwane esifuywayo lisuselwa elithi "alkanes", lapho Isijobelelo uyakulangazelela' Limiselelwe -ene isijobelelo, okhombisa khona e-molecule ye-lwalezozinto isibopho double.

hydrocarbon unsaturated - alkenes: isakhiwo

Zonke alkenes kubhekwe amagama ahlobene of ethylene noma ethene - C2H4.

I-molecule ethylene iqukethe athomu amabili-carbon futhi ama-athomu amane e-hydrogen, i-unsaturated carbon ama-athomu. Uhlobo ngalunye kwezingu-carbon unsaturated athomu hybridizes es eyodwa futhi ezimbili pi-orbitals, futhi izinsalela eyodwa pi esemkhathini e "ifomu oluhlanzekile ', enikeza ibanga esiphezulu orbitals hybridized electronic. izimbazo yabo yakha 120 °. Lokhu kudala izimo eliphezulu ukweqa ka-electron orbitals. Three orbitals enjalo zama-athomu carbon ukwakha ezintathu sigma izibopho (ezimbili C-H, C-C a). Ngenxa yalokho, i-molecule ye ethylene has sigma izibopho ezinhlanu zazo ukuba isebenze ngayo indiza, ukwakha phakathi kwawo i-engela 120 °. P-electron ukuthi bahlale the 'emsulwa "yakha omunye isibopho phakathi athomu amabili-carbon. Kuchazwe isakhiwo electronic ethylene molecule ejwayelekile ka alkenes. hydrocarbon unsaturated kukhona kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele amagama ahlobene of ethylene.

Ukuze alkene libhekene 2 izinhlobo isomerism - weJiyomethri takhi.

isomers isakhi alkenes iqala butene C4H8. Hlukanisa futhi ezahlukeneyo zalo - chain isomerism (noma i-carbon skeleton) kanye isomers nokubekwa isibopho double ngesimiso somshini ezinjalo.

isomerism-Jomethri ngenxa ukubekwa engalingani hydrogen substituents ku-molecule ethylene ngemva kwendiza ngesibopho double. hydrocarbon unsaturated kukhona cis- futhi trans-isomers.

Alkenes esimweni khulula ivelakancane ngokwemvelo. Bakhandwa kwemiqondo usebenzisa izinqubo zezimboni futhi laboratory.

izakhiwo Chemical ka hydrocarbon: alkenes

Basuke kubangelwa isibopho double phakathi athomu amabili carbon e-molecule ye-alkene.

I hydrogenation ukuphendula

Alkenes basabela kalula okunamathiselwe hydrogen. Senzeka khona catalysts noma nge Ukushisa:

CH2 = CH2 = H2 H3C CH3

ngokujoyina halides

Ukuqhutshwa ukuphendula by the Markovnikov umthetho, isb by ukusabela a halide hydrogen ne-molecule quin alkenes hydrogen sengezwe endaweni kwasendaweni ngesibopho double mhlawumbe kuya carbon athomu eduze lapho kukhona ngaphezulu ama-athomu ye-hydrogen, athomu Halogen - kuya-carbon-athomu eduze okuyinto kancane ngama-athomu ye-hydrogen noma ngokuphelele abazi khona:

CH3-CH = CH2 + HC1-CH3-CH3-CHC1.

Ukusetshenziswa hydrocarbon

Ethene - igesi ancibilikisa kahle utshwala nengenawo oncibilikayo emanzini, alufakwa.

Ziyakwazi abacebile amagesi ngokuhlaziya (kufika ku-20% isisindo Imininingwane) kanye coke igesi kuhhavini (cishe 5%). Esikhathini izindlela laboratory zokuntula amanzi emzimbeni ka ethylene okulungiselelwe dehydrogenation ka ethane futhi ethanol. Zifakwe ukuthola ethylene ETHYL utshwala, vinyl chloride, ethylbenzyl, polyethylene, emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni ejenti (izinto okuyinto ukunciphisa kwezinga-qhwa yamanzi e izinjini) nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngo womuntu futhi wezilwane, ethylene isetshenziswa njengophawu ekwakhiweni izidakamizwa kwezitshalo - ukusheshisa yokuvuthwa zezithelo (utamatisi, ulamula, nokunye okunjalo).

Propylene etholwe kanye ethylene ku pyrolysis futhi ngokuhlaziya nezinhlobo ezahlukene petroleum feedstock. Propylene - isakhi motor nophethiloli. Lisetshenziswa njengendlela feedstock ngoba polypropylene, isopropylbenzyl, utshwala isopropyl. Nge isopropanol, acetone, nge isopropylbenzyl - acetone futhi phenol. Propylene isetshenziswa njengophawu izidakamizwa isidakamizwa i Kuhlanganisa acrylonitrile, cumene, butanol, njll