Methanol - kuyini? Methanol ubuthi: Izimpawu kanye Ukwelashwa

Mhlawumbe isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa, ngamunye wethu uke wezwa mayelana ubuthi mass lokukhiqiza mbumbulu utshwala (kuhlanganise nokufa), lapho methanol etholakele. Kuyini futhi kungani kuyingozi kangaka nemiphumela yayo umzimba? Kungani yengezwe utshwala? Yini engase ibe nemiphumela yokwemukela imikhiqizo enjalo? Ukuze siphendule le mibuzo, kudingeka sibheke umlando ukukhiqizwa utshwala, ukuze nokusakazwa kwayo emkhakheni imisebenzi wesintu nokugcwaliseka zokwelapha.

methanol

Methanol - uketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle ezinesihlungu iyona utshwala monohydric elula, futhi ilungu lokuqala chungechunge homologous ka alcohols monohydric. Futhi emibuthanweni yesayensi ibizwa ngokuthi njengoba nje nesihlahla noma methyl utshwala, carbinol futhi methyl hydroxide. Lolu ketshezi etholwe ziphuzo zazihluzwa of lignin noma ukhuni - esiyinhlanganisela impahla izinsalela isitshalo bok iseli izindonga. Ngo zamagama kwesibeletho we methanol kuyinto namachibi ngokwengxenye methane ne-methane ngu ukufanisana ngokusebenzisa methylenechloride. Ngokokuqala ngqá utshwala monovalent latholakala 1661 by Boyle ku ziphuzo zazihluzwa izinkuni ezomile. Ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka ososayensi JB Dumas no E. M. Peligo wakwazi ukuthola methanol ngefomu okumsulwa. Kuhlanganisa utshwala ngezinga ezimbonini waqala ngo-1923 e-Germany. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, methanol isetshenziswa njengoba kuphela, isisekelo emelana nokubanda enhlanzini yasezindaweni, fuel octane uphethiloli izithasiselo.

Imiphumela emzimbeni

Methyl utshwala ingenye iyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Imininingwane nge Imininingwane 10 ml we ketshezi emzimbeni womuntu kungaholela izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa ku sokugembula: ubumpumputhe, ukuphazamiseka ukusebenza kwezitho zangaphakathi (izinso, isibindi), lesion izindawo zobuchopho. Ukufa kwenzeka uma imali 1-2 amagremu per 1 kilogram of isisindo is udle methanol. Kuyini futhi kungani leyo mali encane efana uyakwazi ukubulala indoda? Into wukuthi uma udle utshwala monohydric is oxidized ukuba formaldehyde - ushevu ezinamandla kuthinta isimiso sezinzwa futhi ihlangana amaprotheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela anobuthi akuyona ngokushesha ngemva kokukhululwa kwe-ketshezi lingene egazini, futhi ngemva kwamahora ambalwa. Ngakho-ke, kuze kube sekubonakaleni izimpawu zokuqala zabantu ushevu ngokuvamile isikhathi ukuba baphuze umthamo ezibulalayo.

methanol ingozi

ingozi Main lomcebo wukuthi methanol kanye ethanol (isici esiyinhloko sokulawula uphuzo oludakayo) ayikwazi zihlukaniswa: banayo ukunambitheka efanayo futhi iphunga, kukhona kokubili liquid kungekho nto enemibala emihle. ). Nokho, izindleko ephansi kakhulu ka methanol (kusuka RUR 15.500 ngethani). Ngenxa yalezi zizathu ngokuvamile basuke buhlanjululwe utshwala. Enye ingozi iwukuthi izinto ushevu singenzeka ngenxa ukusetshenziswa imikhiqizo equkethe methanol. Kuyini futhi yini eyenzekayo? Vaporization coolants, uketshezi for amafasitela, paintwork izinto aqukethe ama-athomu utshwala ukuthi ngokufaka umzimba, ithola bese zibangela ushintsho sokugembula. Ngakho Ubuthi bengayi kuphela wotshwala, njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile ezweni lethu, kodwa nangenduduzo impahla engaphephile.

methanol ubuthi

Izimpawu zokuqala ubuthi zenzeka ngemuva kwamahora 8-72 emva ukungenisa methanol. Okokuqala ukuzwela isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko: ukuzwela ngokweqile ukuze ukukhanya (photophobia), Ukuvuleka komlomo abafundi, ikhanda, isiyezi kanye ukungakhuli nempilo jikelele, ukuzwela encishisiwe, ingaphazamisi ukwazi.

Ubuthi methanol kuyingozi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokugcwala, noma ukukhulisa inani igazi emisipheni futhi izitho, ukuthi kwenzeka ngenxa abukhali ukwanda erythrocyte futhi athwala umoya-mpilo ezingeni. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ichichima umzimba, eqala tint bluish. Kukhula inqubo sokugembula ingena isiguli usesimweni comatose ngenxa edema palsy. Hyperemia kuholela ukuphazamiseka umgudu wokuphefumula - ukuphefumula kuba ezijulile futhi ungasizi, isisulu kunomuzwa yokuntula emoyeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo incipha ishayela, inhliziyo ayikwazi ukuba abhekane ngokuphumelelayo nesitha "ziphuzo zazihluzwa" of semali egazi emzimbeni futhi ngenxa yalokho ehluleka. Ukufa kwenzeka.

Usizo lokuqala for ubuthi

Phezu ukuthola izimpawu zokuqala ubuthi ngokushesha kufanele abize i-ambulensi. Uma lokhu kungeke kwenzeke, kubalulekile ukwandisa inani loketshezi yokuqothulwa. Kuyinto efiselekayo ubuphuza ngokuqukethwe alikhali: lamanzi esiphethu, isixazululo acid citric, futhi ukusetshenziswa utamatisi, ubhanana, omisiwe yamagilebhisi, asparagus, uju, kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

Ngo izilungiselelo emitholampilo methanol ubuthi iphathwa ngokwethula ku umzimba ka-ethanol. Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi imfuyo main ezinesihlungu kuyinto methanol, ukusetshenziswa vodka kuyindlela yokuvimbela kuwukwenqaba. Londoloza impilo luningi lavage esiswini, ukuhlanza eyenga.

izibalo ezithusayo

Umlando yamuva lesintu ilotshwe amacala ayisikhombisa ubuthi mass nge methanol. Inani elikhulu abantu abalimalile kulesi Julayi 1981 e-India - abaye babulawa ushevu abantu 308. Ngo-2000, uhulumeni wase-El Salvador esolwa ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, ngenxa ophuza methanol ubuthi wabulala abantu 122. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngingehlelwa nangeyodwa kulezi izitshalo yokukhiqiza utshwala yalolu ketshezi engakaze ezitholakele. I-Russian mass ubuthi yabhaliswa ngo-December 2016 ngenxa ukusetshenziswa "Hawthorn" - uketshezi ukugeza, lapho isakhiwo kamuva wathola methanol. Kuyini futhi nendlela yokuzigwema ukuze zingasivimbi amandla anjalo - alaziwa. Kodwa ngenxa ushevu abathintekayo abantu 123, iningi labo 76 baye bafa. Disemba 20 zamenyezelwa ngosuku zokulila esifundeni sase-Irkutsk.

Ukusetshenziswa methanol

Inani elikhulu methanol kuyinto ukupenda imikhiqizo. Lisetshenziswa njengendlela kuphela ngenxa simo esishubile yaso ephezulu ikhono chaza izinto eziphilayo futhi polymeric. Emazweni European, ingxube methyl futhi ETHYL utshwala lisetshenziswe kwamakha. Kodwa eRussia imikhiqizo efana ziyavalwa, njenganoma yimuphi nje omunye umkhiqizo umthengi nge methanol. Ngenxa octane okusezingeni eliphezulu ezinye "master" methanol isetshenziswa ikhaya lazo okusezingeni eliphezulu octane nophethiloli. Utshwala sisetshenziswa ngezinga ezimbonini ukuthola owakhiwa ngezitshalo.

Emvelweni, utshwala methyl kukalutshwana kakhulu futhi izinto eziningi ezincane. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu amafutha abalulekile lezimbali ze-jasmine ne-Wintergreen. Ukwakheka lezi amafutha zihlanganisa salicylic acid kanye anthranilic. Methanol ukubunjwa yabo akuyona yingozi kubantu. Nokho, kungase kubangele ukusabela nomzimba. Ngakho-ke overreliance ku uwoyela kungaba yingozi empilweni.