Kwabantu kaMarx: izici eyinhloko

Ithonya Marxism phezu kwabantu kwekhulu lama-20 laliphezulu kakhulu. Marx wafuna ukudala theory ngokuqinile Inhloso yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, esekelwe ngamaqiniso omlando. Ngokuqinisekile, waphumelela.

Sociology Marxism eRussia has umlando walo. Nokho, akubona kuphela ezweni lethu, le mfundiso sekwande kakhulu. Marxism ingenye izindawo elikhulu kwabantu kwekhulu lama-20. Izazi eziningi owaziwa zokuphila yomphakathi, kanye zezomnotho kanye nezinye abalandeli izimfundiso ziye zaba nomthelela kuwo. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo impahla olunzulu Marxism. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa zoMthetho oyinhloko lo mbono.

Kuyini ngesisekelo Marxism

Ukuze ukuqonde kangcono lokho kuyinto kwabantu kaMarx, ukulandelela kafushane umlando wayo. Friedrich Engels, Umshicilelo Umhleli we Karl nomngane wakhe, ukhombe amasiko ezintathu eziye wathonya imfundiso. Le filosofi isiJalimane, isiFulentshi isayensi zomlando wezomnotho kwezombangazwe ngesiNgisi. Main Line, elandela Marx - nefilosofi classical German. Karl wabelane omunye imiqondo esemqoka nesekelayo Hegel, liqukethe yokuthi umphakathi wonkana uphasisa izigaba ezilandelanayo ekuthuthukisweni kwabo. Funda umnotho IsiZulu zezombusazwe, uKarl Marks (ngenhla) laqanjwa izimfundiso zayo imigomo ke. Waxoxela ezinye imibono yakhe wesimanje, ngokukhethekile, imfundiso zabasebenzi zenani elikhulu. Thina Socialists izazimlando France, waboleka umqondo owaziwa, njengoba engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba.

Uma wamukela imfundiso yokuziphendukela zonke lezi ososayensi, Engels futhi Marx izinga kusetshenzwe yabo, bese kuba imfundiso entsha ngokuphelele - Marxism Sociology. ke kafushane kungase kuchazwe ngokuthi ingxubevange kwezomnotho kanye lwezenhlalo, zefilosofi kanye nezinye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kuhlobene futhi ebalulekile, azwakalisa izidingo zabasebenzi. imfundiso kaMarx, ngokukhethekile, uhlaziyo umphakathi isicebi kanye wesimanje. Karl wahlola oyiyo, indlela, izinguquko ngenakugwemeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba Eqinisweni obungenakuphikwa bokuthi ekuhlaziyweni ukuvela capitalism kuyinto ukuhlaziywa zomlando ekukhuleni komphakathi nomuntu.

indlela kaMarx

Indlela, esebenzisa kwabantu kaMarx, ngokuvamile kunqunywa njengoba ungumuntu othanda izinto ezibonakalayo dialectical. Le ndlela isekelwe ukuqonda ikakhulukazi zomhlaba, owawuthi kungashintshwa qualitative njengoba kwengqondo yomuntu, futhi izenzakalo of imvelo nasemphakathini. Lezi zinguquko zichazwe nge emzabalazweni yangaphakathi ehlukahlukene bahlukene zihlobene kakhulu.

kwabantu kaMarx ibonisa ukuthi umqondo - hhayi umdali, hhayi umdali. Libonisa ngokoqobo impahla. Ngenxa yalokho, nelwati kanye cwaningo zomhlaba kufanele esekelwe ngokoqobo uqobo, hhayi kusukela imibono. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlola isakhiwo somphakathi wesintu, kumelwe uqale hhayi endleleni yokucabanga esivela umphakathi unikezwa, kodwa kusukela ukunyakaza zomlando.

Isimiso of Determinism

Marxism, omunye kwabantu main ibona isimiso of Determinism, owawuthi ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile nezinqubo, kukhona ubuhlobo esiyimbangela. Ososayensi Charles wakuthola kunzima ukukhomba nenqubo main ukuthi ukucacisa zonke ezinye nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kanye izenzakalo. Behluleka ukuthola i umbandela Inhloso kulolu Ukukhetha. kwabantu kaMarx ibonisa ukuthi kwezomnotho (ukukhiqizwa) ubudlelwane kumelwe zibhekwe njengezindawo okungamelwe ezinjalo. Marx babekholelwa ukuthi ekukhuleni komphakathi - ushintsho izigaba ukukhiqizwa.

nenhlalakahle Komphakathi enquma ukwazi

ukuphila komphakathi, ngokuvumelana Marx, kunqunywa njengoba ukuthuthukiswa odlule zomlando emphakathini kanye nemithetho zenhlalakahle kanye zomlando. Isenzo sokugcina, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi intando ngiqaphele abantu. Abantu abakwazi ukushintsha kubo, kodwa ungakwazi ukuvula nabo ukuzivumelanisa nazo. Ngakho, umqondo omuhle ukuthi ekukhuleni komphakathi kunqunywa entandweni yabantu, okungukuthi ukwazi inquma kokuba waphikisa Marxism. UMuntu inquma ukwazi, hhayi ngenye indlela.

Effect Marxism kwabantu

Marx no Friedrich Engels negalelo elikhulu ukuqonda lokho kufanele kubhekwe njengendlela isihloko kwabantu jikelele. Lokhu isayensi, ngokombono wabo, kufanele sihlaziye yangempela abantu, ukuthi ayini ngempela, hhayi ubani bazenza. Classics of Marxism wakhuthaza Ngokuqinisekile lapho isihloko kwabantu laliyoba umphakathi, kubhekwa njengento iqoqo ubudlelwane ahlukahlukene esisebenzayo ekuthuthukiseni emkhatsini webantfu elihlobene ne-okuthiwa i-essence ejwayelekile yomuntu. Kule ndaba ngoba ukuliqonda ngokunembile kuncike yayo enkulu ukubaluleka izincazelo ezinjalo eyanikezwa Marx njengoba okushiwo indoda, nemvelo, umsebenzi, umphakathi. Ukuhlola kafushane ngamunye wabo.

Ingqikithi yalo muntu

Marx no Engels, Umshicilelo ngokuphatha umuntu ngokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo isikhundla, bazama ukuthola ukuthi yini umehluko kusukela silwane. Babefuna ukuze aqonde ukuthi yini ngokucacile yayo njengomuntu ejwayelekile. Karl ukuthi umuntu hhayi kuphela isidalwa yemvelo, kodwa futhi umphakathi, nokobana ngokuya khona yabo yezenhlalo ngokomzimba, esebenzisa ubudlelwane abakhuthele kulelizwe. Ingqikithi ngomuntu ngokwenani Marx, kuyinto umshikashika wakhe yokukhiqiza umsebenzi. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe omuhle empilweni ejwayelekile. Carl waveza ukuthi lapho abantu aqala ukukhiqiza izinto abazidingayo, ngaleso sikhatsi bafundza bacala ukuba zizinikele kusuka emhlabeni isilwane.

zabasebenzi

Manje tshela kanjani isicelo kwabantu zabasebenzi Marxism. Marx no Engels bekubona njengendlela umsebenzi abazi abantu, okuhloswe ngaso exchange of ndaba nemvelo. Karl lithi umuntu ukuze nika into yemvelo ifomu efanelekayo ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe, usetha kunyakaza emvelo okungokwendlela umzimba wakhe. Owenza umhlaba wangaphandle ngaYe lo ukunyakaza, ukuyishintsha, abantu ngesikhathi esifanayo kushintsha imvelo yakhe. WezabaSebenzi, ngokuvumelana Marxism, idale hhayi kuphela umuntu, kodwa futhi umphakathi. Kwakubonakala ngenxa ubudlelwane babantu, okuholela inqubo zabasebenzi.

uhlobo

Ukuqonda isimo kanye nobuhlobo bayo njengoba kwabantu zangaphambi kaMarx nge umphakathi ikakhulukazi libhekisela omunye mikhakha elandelayo:

• idealist (umphakathi kanye nemvelo bazimele abekho nomunye, ngalutho, njengoba kuba imiqondo qualitatively ezahlukahlukene);
• izinto ezibonakalayo inhlamba (zonke izinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye izenzakalo ngokwemvelo angaphansi imithetho linqoba).

Ifilosofi Sociology Marxism baye wagxeka zalezi zinkolelo-mbono. Imfundiso okuhlongozwayo Karl uzwakalisa ukuthi imiphakathi yemvelo kanye nomphakathi wesintu ube okwakhe qualitative. Noma kunjalo, kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo. Ukuze achaze uhlaka kanye nokuthuthukiswa imithetho umphakathi ayikwazi isekelwe kuphela imithetho yemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo asikwazi indiva ngokuphelele izici zokwakheka, okungukuthi ukubheka kuphela kuya emphakathini.

umphakathi

Marx uthi uMuntu iyahluka kwenye izilwane ngenjongo yomsebenzi zabasebenzi. Yena kuchazwe inkampani (ikhumbula yokuthi phakathi komuntu imvelo wenziwa umzimba) njengoba iqoqo ubudlelwano zabantu nomunye futhi ngokwemvelo. Umphakathi, ngokuvumelana Marx, wuhlelo ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu, ogxile ubudlelwane kwezomnotho. Abantu sondela them uma kudingeka. It akuxhomekile entandweni yabo.

Umuntu angekhe atjho kwabantu okulungile noma okungalungile kaMarx. Theory kanye umkhuba bakhombise ukuthi izici ezithile zomkhathi lapho umphakathi esachazwa Marx, empeleni athathe endaweni. Ngakho-ke, kulolu suku is hhayi acime isithakazelo imibono basikisela Karl.

Base ne superstructure

Kunoma yikuphi umphakathi ume isizinda kanye superstructure (ngokuvumelana ekufundiseni ezifana Marxism social sciences). I izici eyinhloko le miqondo emibili, sizokwenza manje cabanga.

Isisekelo kuyinto endaweni lapho kukhona co-production ezibonakalayo. Linikeza khona kwezenhlalo kanye ngabanye yomuntu. Ukukhiqizwa Karlom Marksom uthathwa njengoba isabelo bemvelo ngosizo imisebenzi ezifanele emphakathini. Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba izakhi elandelayo (izici) zokukhiqiza:

• umsebenzi, okungukuthi umsebenzi purposive yomuntu, okuhloswe ngaso kudalwa labo noma iminotho emphakathini;
• izinto zomsebenzi, okungukuthi, lezo zithonywa abantu umsebenzi wabo (lokhu kungaba ngaphansi ngokucubungula izinto, noma kakhulu ubunjalo idatha);
• izindlela zomsebenzi, okungukuthi, ngosizo okuyinto abantu benza lezi noma ezinye izinto zomsebenzi.

Izindlela zokukhiqiza zihlanganisa izinto futhi izindlela zomsebenzi. Nokho, uzobona kuphela izinto efile, inqobo nje uma abantu musa ukuxhumana nabo umsebenzi wabo. Ngakho-ke, njengoba Marx waveza, kuba indoda - okunqumayo zokukhiqiza.

Ngesisekelo umphakathi bakha izindlela izinto zomsebenzi, abantu amakhono abo nokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi, kanye nobudlelwane zokukhiqiza. ifomu Social superstructure zonke ezinye ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile evelayo uma umnotho. Ukuze lezi zenzakalo zihlanganisa izinhlangano zezombusazwe zomthetho, kanye izinhlobo ukwazi komphakathi (nefilosofi, inkolo, yobuciko, isayensi, ukuziphatha, njalonjalo. D.).

isisekelo Economic, ngokuvumelana nezimfundiso Marx, inquma superstructure. Nokho, akubona bonke izakhi superstructure isisekelo inquma ngokulinganayo. I superstructure yena, inethonya abanye kuso. Njengoba ngatshela Engels (isithombe sakhe kunikezwa ngenhla), kodwa ekugcineni ithonya isisekelo kungenziwa ngokuthi ezibucayi.

Simo sokuhlukaniswa noNkulunkulu futhi izinhlobo zawo

Lokho - ke kuyinto ngokwahlukana Inhloso ngako imisebenzi inqubo noma yi yayo. Marx kubhekwe le nkinga ngokuningiliziwe enkulu emsebenzini wakhe onesihloko esithi "Imibhalo Yesandla Philosophical", wadala ngo-1844, kodwa ishicilelwe kuphela 30s kwekhulu lama-20. Kuleli phephandaba, le nkinga zomsebenzi zihlukanisiwe zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu ifomu eyisisekelo 'idla yodwa. Marx ebonisa ukuthi ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu zalezi "zinhlobo nenhlalakahle" (ukwakheka kwabantu) isidingo bahlanganyele yokudala, nomshikashika khulula. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism, ngokuvumelana uCarl, ehlelekile ebhubhisa lesi isidingo yomuntu. Kuyinto lesi sikhundla oluphethwe kwabantu kaMarx.

Izinhlobo kuhlukaniswa, ngoba Marx, lokhu okulandelayo:

• imiphumela zomsebenzi;
• enchubeni zabasebenzi;
• ngokwesimo sawo (man is a "zinhlobo nenhlalakahle" ngomqondo wokuthi njengoba nature khulula futhi jikelele Wakha yena (uhlanga) nezwe);
• nezwe (indalo, abantu).

Uma isisebenzi ingeyona umphumela umsebenzi wakhe, kumele kube okuthile fanele. Ngokufanayo, uma inqubo yokusikwa (umsebenzi) ingeyona isisebenzi, kuba umnikazi. Omunye umuntu, okuthiwa i exploiter, mhlawumbe lesi silwane alien, hhayi imvelo noma Nkulunkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona yangasese, nakho ihlola yokuhlalisana kwabantu Marxism.

Izinhlobo kuhlukaniswa (Marx), ngenhla, luqedwe ngokwakha umphakathi omusha, okuyinto bebatawukhululwa zokuhaha nobugovu. Okungenani, ngakho usho Socialist, abakholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komnotho asikwazi ukumiswa. UKarla Marksa imibono aziwa ziye zasetshenziswa ngezinhloso wamavukelambuso. kwabantu kaMarx odlale indima, hhayi nje kuphela isayensi kodwa futhi emlandweni. Akwaziwa ukuthi ukuthuthukisa izwe lethu kwekhulu lama-20, uma amaBolshevik akazange athathe lezi imibono. Bobabili imiphumela emihle nemibi belethwa ekuphileni abantu baseSoviet yokuhlalisana kwabantu Marxism, futhi okwamanje hhayi ngokuphelele ukuqeda kubo.

By endleleni, le Socialists hhayi kuphela wasebenzisa nemibono esikiselwa Karl. Ujwayelene yini nendaba isiqondiso ezifana Marxism engokomthetho? Ngezansi kukhona imininingwane esemqoka.

Marxism zomthetho

Emlandweni Russian umcabango lwezenhlalo we-19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, endaweni kubaluleke kakhulu elalihlala yokuhlalisana kwabantu Marxism zomthetho. Kafushane ke lingachazwa ngokuthi Yiqiniso ngemibono kanye theory. Siwukubonakaliswa nokubusa ngobunxiwankulu umcabango ovulekile. Marxism Ngokomthetho kwabantu abaningi esekelwe emibonweni kaMarx. Bakhandwa ikakhulu ezihlobene ithiyori kwezomnotho ukuze bathethelele yokuthi ukuthuthukiswa capitalism ezweni lakithi ngokomlando ngenakugwemeka. abalandeli bayo kuqhathaniswa imibono ka populism. Laba bameleli be-edume kunazo Marxism zomthetho: M. Tugan-Baranowski, Struve futhi Bulgakov futhi Berdyaev. Sociology Marxism kamuva savela maqondana ifilosofi zenkolo kanye emibonweni yami.

Yiqiniso, thina kuphela wakhuluma kafushane mayelana cwaningo, adalwe Charles. Sociology Marxism nokubaluleka kwalo - ngesihloko ezibanzi, kodwa imiqondo yayo eziyisisekelo ziye kudalulwe kulesi sihloko.