Izinhlobo ezinkulu izibopho zamakhemikhali: kungani futhi kanjani they akhiwa

Imithetho ukuthi babe ketshezi isikhathi eside wahlala eyimfihlakalo ezingaxazululeki ngomuntu. Imfundiso classical izibopho-athomu yayenziwa ngempela sekwephuzile - ngo-1916. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imibono yososayensi wezwakala wazivelela. Ngomqondo onabile, into entsha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye ayivulwanga, kanye nezinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali manje ukwazi umfundi ngamunye, ngubani okungenani uzama ukufunda. Ngenxa yalesi ulwazi ezinye ososayensi medieval asethengisiwe imiphefumulo yabo.

Ngakho, kukhona izinhlobo ezinkulu izibopho zamakhemikhali i olwengeziwe ngokuthi ekusebenzisaneni ababuthakathaka. Ngezinye izikhathi Nokho, kwaba okubaluleke, isib, in kwetinhlavu isakhiwo amaprotheni. Izinhlobo ezinkulu izibopho zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa covalent futhi ionic ngisho metal.

Ake uqale nge covalent. Kuyinto ngabo Gilbert Lewis wanikela bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuqala classical ngesibopho zamakhemikhali. Uyini umqondo ukuthi usosayensi namanje baqonde izinto ezenzekayo? Isibopho covalent Kumiswa ngoba ifomu lesibopho ohlelweni zama-athomu etholwe amandla esingaphansi singly Atoms. Futhi lokhu kubaluleke kwamakhemikhali. uhlelo ngalunye ihlose ukuqeda lemali amandla. Phakathi kumiswa isibopho covalent, ngamunye we athomu ngokuhlanganisa kunomthelela ukudalwa uxhumano. Ngakho, i-yangaphandle ezingeni electronic ugcwele, izinhlayiya nenkokhiso omubi ukudlula "ukusetshenziswa jikelele."

Izinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali zihlukaniswe subtypes. Ngokwesibonelo, isibopho covalent ngokuvamile akunakudluliswa polar - isib, phakathi athomu yona leyo nto zamakhemikhali. kwakhiwa Ngakho igesi molecule ezifana nitrogen, fluorine, i-hydrogen. Electron pair "ubunikazi ezivamile" kuyinto geometrically azungeze phakathi. Nakuba kunzima ukusho, ngoba ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi indlela electron cishe akunakwenzeka ukubikezela.

Enye into - isibopho phakathi athomu ezakhi ezahlukene amakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, e ukuhlobana sasekhaya ne-hydrogen-athomu omoya-umusi ovamile uwukuthi spatially nakakhulu ukuzulazula kwama-athomu, okungukuthi - ukuba sasekhaya. Lobu buhlobo yigama polar.

Kodwa la ma-athomu akuzona njalo "ethembekile esivivaneni ngokulinganayo" ukwakheka idiphozi. Kwenzeka futhi ukuthi omunye athomu inikeza ngqo electron ezimbili, kanti eyesibili - orbit for zalowo mbhangqwana oludlula ngokuvamile. Indlela igama ubunjalo yalesi uxhumano? Anikelelwe-acceptor zokuxhumana zilwane. I ion ammonium kungenzeka isibonelo esihle. ama-athomu amathathu hydrogen zinengxenye ezivamile polar izibopho covalent, kanye asele pair mahhala electron nitrogen lungathunyelwa lisetshenziswa wabelane nomunye athomu ye-hydrogen. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlobana kuthathwa njengesibikezelo esiyiso covalent, ngoba izindawo anda electron kwabantu phakathi kwama-athomu ukuphi.

Iziphi ezinye izinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali khona? isibopho ionic ukhona phakathi izinhlayiya kokuba icala ezahlukene. Amandla Luhambo tincenye ubuhlobo kuncike kuphela ibanga ehlukanisa kubo, futhi orientation - ezimele. Lapho kukhona khona ukuxhumana anjalo? Okokuqala, izinto crystalline - alkalis, carbides, nosawoti, nitrides, oxides eziyisisekelo. Uma seka futhi anion zifana ngobukhulu, uxhumano uzinzile ikakhulukazi. Ezinye bamakhemikhali bacabange ukuthi lolu hlobo uxhumano an icala ezedlulele zokuphathwa polar covalent isibopho. Kodwa-ke iphuzu moot, ngoba kwabantu electron akukakabi ngempela eduze seka omubi icala.

Isibopho metallic ngokuvamile ezahlukene kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali. Kusukela akusiyo kuphela esiyingqayizivele amakhemikhali kodwa ngokomzimba mkhuba oyinqaba. Iqiniso lokuthi e kumiswa electron iqhaza kuma-atom zokuxhumana. Futhi ukunyakaza kwabo ohlangothini kuchaza ukuthi kungenzeka conductive kakhulu zamanje kagesi in izinsimbi. Ngakho kuyiatom kule site ngehele kunomthelela isibopho.

Njengoba siye saba sobala kusukela incazelo ngenhla, izinhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali zihlukaniswa ngokunembile ngezimiso kumiswa yabo.