International ngesilwane esifuywayo of alkanes. Alkanes: isakhiwo, izakhiwo

Kuyasiza ukuqala ihlathululo alkanes. Lokhu ayegcwele noma ayegcwele hydrocarbon, paraffins. Singasho ukuthi carbons lapho kwakwakhe C ama-athomu wenziwa esebenzisa ubudlelwane elula. Ifomula jikelele yefomu: CnH₂n + 2.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi isilinganiso H kanye C zama-athomu-molecule awo ahlangane ngangokunokwenzeka eyaziwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye amakilasi. Njengoba sazi ukuthi sonke valences kuthiwa matasa noma C, noma H, futhi izakhiwo amakhemikhali alkanes uzwakalise ngokukhazimulayo ngokwanele, ngakho amagama abo yesibili kuphuma ibinzana umkhawulo noma hydrocarbon ayegcwele.

kukhona igama ngaphezulu lasendulo ukuthi ibonisa engcono himinertnost zawo ezilinganiselwe - paraffins, okuyinto elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukuntula ziyezwana".

Ngakho, isihloko ingxoxo namuhla yethu: "Alka: homologous chungechunge, ngesilwane esifuywayo, isakhiwo, isomerism". Ingabe futhi idatha khona mayelana nezici zabo ezingokomzimba.

Alkanes: isakhiwo, ngesilwane esifuywayo

Kulezi ama-athomu C kukhona esimweni ezifana sp3-hybridization. Ngakho-ke i-molecule alkane kungenziwa wabonisa njengoba iqoqo tetrahedral izakhiwo C, ezixhunywe bodwa nje kuphela kodwa futhi nge H.

Phakathi C no H ama-athomu abakhona okuhlala, liphansi kakhulu polar s-bond. Atoms emhlabeni izibopho olulodwa njalo uphendukisa ngenxa alkanes molecule lungeza ngezindlela ezahlukene, lapho ubude uxhumano, igebe eliphakathi kwabo - kukhona constants. Amafomu, okuyinto siguqulelwa nomunye ngenxa ukujikeleza engqamuzaneni, okuyinto eyenzeka emhlabeni σ-izibopho, ukubizwa ngokuthi conformation yayo.

Ngo inqubo lamabutho kusukela H athomu engqamuzaneni yakha izinhlayiya 1-valent ngokuthi hydrocarbon ezizivelelayo. Lezi zinto zehlela zibangelwa hhayi kuphela organic compounds kodwa futhi wezinto ezingaphili. Uma Khupha amabili hydrogen atom kusukela umkhawulo hydrocarbon molecule elilodwa ithola ezizivelelayo 2-Valence.

Ngakho alkanes kungaba ngesilwane esifuywayo:

• osabalalayo (inguqulo endala);
• Ukushintshwa (international, ehlelekile). Yena ehlongozwayo ngu IUPAC.

ngesilwane esifuywayo osabalalayo Ikakhulukazi

Esimweni sokuqala ngesilwane esifuywayo alkanes zinezikhathi kanje:

1. Ukucutshungulwa hydrocarbon njengoba amagama ahlobene of methane, ephuma Ikhutjhwe yi-1 noma ngaphezulu H ama-athomu ezizivelelayo.
2. Izinga eliphezulu lula endabeni compounds hhayi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Izici esikhundleni ngesilwane esifuywayo

Ukushintshwa ngesilwane esifuywayo alkane has izici ezilandelayo:

1. Isisekelo igama - 1 carbon chain, kanye asele izingcezwana yamangqamuzana zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo substituents.
2. Uma kukhona ezizivelelayo ezifanayo amaningi ngaphambi igama labo kubonisa isibalo (ngokuqinile ngamagama), kanye nezinombolo olukhulu ahlukaniswe ikhefana.

Chemistry: ngesilwane esifuywayo of alkanes

Ukuze kube lula, inokwaziswa in ifomu tabular.

Okungenhla ngesilwane esifuywayo alkanes zihlanganisa amagama ngokomlando akhiwa (4 imigomo yokuqala ochungechungeni hydrocarbon elihlale).

alkanes Lapha nondeployed 5 noma ngaphezulu C kwakhiwa kusukela ngesiGreki zesi-athomu omoya-ezembula yenombolo enikezwe ngama-athomu C. Ngakho Isijobelelo -en ibonisa ukuthi impahla eziningana ezibangela ayegcwele.

Ngo umdwebo izihloko efakwe alkanes njengoba iketanga main kuyakhethwa lowo iqukethe inombolo enkulu ngama-athomu C. olunezinombolo ukuze substituents Unenani kulencane. Uma kwenzeka ngamaketanga amabili noma ngaphezulu ubude ilingana iba omunye main equkethe isibalo esiphezulu substituents.

isomerism ka alkanes

Njengoba hydrocarbon umsunguli we-, kubalulwa izenzo eziningana methane CH₄. Njengoba ummeleli yochungechunge methane ebonwe Ngokungafani methylene iqembu odlule ngamunye - CH₂. Le ndlela usukela kulo lonke uchungechunge alkanes.

Usosayensi German Schill ukubeka phambili isiphakamiso sibala inani homologous. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi incazelo yesiGreki "efanayo, like."

Ngakho, uchungechunge homologous - iqoqo organic compounds ahlobene kokuba uhlobo olufanayo isakhiwo himsvoystvami eduze. Homologs - amalungu chungechunge. umehluko Homologous - iqembu methylene lapho ezahlukene homologue emibili elandelanayo.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, iyiphi yokwakheka hydrocarbon elihlale ngokushaya ifomula jikelele CnH₂n + 2. Ngakho, kulandela i-methane ilungu uchungechunge homologous ka ethane - C₂H₆. Ukuze ngokuthini isakhiwo methane, kubalulekile ukuba esikhundleni athomu H ngesikhathi 1 CH₃ (sibalo ngezansi).

Isakhiwo homologue ngamunye okwalandela kungenziwa etholakala ngenhla ngendlela efanayo. Ngenxa ethane kwakhiwa propane - C₃H₈.

Yiziphi isomers?

Ingabe izinto ezine-ezifanayo qualitative ambalwa Ukwakheka yamangqamuzana (ezifanayo ifomula yamangqamuzana) kodwa ezahlukene izakhiwo wamakhemikhali nezibulala kokuba himsvoystvami ezahlukene.

Libhekene hydrocarbon okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambili ku ipharamitha ezifana lokushisa abilayo: -0,5 ° - butane, -10 ° - isobutane. Lokhu uhlobo isomerism ukubizwa ngokuthi carbonaceous skeleton isomerism, sihlobana uhlobo kwesakhiwo.

Isibalo isomers kwesakhiwo kwandisa ngokushesha nge-athomu carbon. Ngakho, C₁₀H₂₂ kumelwe ilingane 75 (angafaki isikhala), kanye 4347 C₁₅H₃₂ isomers isomers eyaziwa kakade, ngoba C₂₀H₄₂ - 366.319.

Ngakho kakade kwacaca ukuthi alkanes, uchungechunge homologous, isomerism, ngesilwane esifuywayo ezinjalo. Manje kubalulekile ukuya imithetho ebantfu IUPAC.

IUPAC ngesilwane esifuywayo: Igama imfundo

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuthola isakhiwo neketanga hydrocarbon carbon, equkethe ubude kakhulu futhi isibalo esikhulu sezinto substituents. Khona-ke inani elidingekayo iketango C athomu, kusukela ekupheleni, okuyinto substituent abaseduze.

Okwesibili, ngesisekelo - igama unbranched hydrocarbon ayegcwele, okuhambelana inani C ama-athomu iyona uchungechunge main.

Okwesithathu, ngaphambi kokusekelwa kumele icacise lokantov amakamelo, okuyinto etholakala eduze amasekela. Yalotshwa hyphenated igama izindlela zokuhamba.

Okwesine, uma substituents ezifanayo ku-athomu omoya-ezahlukene C lokanty ndawonye, lapho phambi leli gama livela liphindaphindeke: Indawo yokuhlala di - substituents ezimbili ezifanayo ezintathu - kuya kwemithathu, Tetra - ezine, penta - kuya kwamahlanu, njll Izinombolo .. Bayobizwa ahlukaniswe ngekhoma, futhi emazwini - ikhonco.

Uma omunye kanye C-athomu efanayo equkethwe substituents ezimbili nje lokant bubhaliwe kabili.

Ngokusho kwale mithetho, futhi kwakhiwa i ngesilwane esifuywayo wezizwe alkanes.

lelivakalako Newman sika

Lokhu nososayensi waseMelika kusikiselwa ingcaca ukuboniswa conformations kwelivi ekhethekile ifomula - kwelivi Newman. Bona zivumelana amafomu A no B no-C ziboniswa kulo mdwebo ongezansi.

Endabeni wokuqala conformation A-yadlula, kanti eyesibili - B-engasenamahloni. Ngo Indawo H ama-athomu zitholakala endaweni ibanga okungenani komunye nomunye. Leli fomu oluhambisana ukubaluleka elikhulu amandla ngenxa yokuthi umuzwa wokwenyanya enkulu therebetween. Lesi simo bazisa okungekuhle, lapho i-molecule ye ivame ukuba ashiye it, futhi bathuthele uzinze isikhundla B. Lapha H athomu ibanga esiphezulu kusuka komunye nomunye. Ngakho, umehluko amandla la malungiselelo - 12 kJ / Mol, ukuze Ukujikeleza khulula emhlabeni ahlangene ethane molecule kuxhumene amaqembu methyl etholwe engalingani. Once in the isikhundla bazisa evumayo engqamuzaneni khona imisiwe, ngamanye amazwi, lo "ukubopha". Yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi ebhasha. Umphumela -. Ayizinkulungwane 10 ethane molecule kukhona ngesimo OAmaKristu conformation enikeziwe ekamelweni lokushisa. eyodwa kuphela has simise ezahlukene - yadlula.

Ulungiselela hydrocarbon elihlale

Kusukela sihloko kwatholakala ukuthi le alkanes (isakhiwo, ngesilwane esifuywayo wabo wachaza ngokuningiliziwe ngaphambili). Kungaba engadingekile ukuba sihlole izindlela zabo sokulungiselela. Basuke ezikhishwe imithombo yemvelo efana uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, igesi ezihlobene, amalahle. Sebenzisa futhi zokwenziwa izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, H₂ 2H₂:

1. Inqubo hydrogenation of hydrocarbon unsaturated: CnH₂n (alkenes) → CnH₂n + 2 (alkanes) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
2. Monoxide inhlanganisela C no-H - syngas: NCO + (2N +1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
3. Kusukela acid carboxylic (nosawoti yalo): electrolysis ngesikhathi anode kuya cathode:

• Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH;
• Dumas yokusabela (ingxubevange ne alikhali): CH₃COONa + NaOH (t) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.

1. Nomthathambe lamafutha: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 °) → CmH₂m + 2 + Cn-mH₂ (NM).
2. Gasification uphethiloli (okuqinile): C + 2H₂ → CH₄.
3. Synthesis alkanes eziyinkimbinkimbi (halogenated) okuyinto ube nenamba sakugcina zama-athomu C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH₃- CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.
4. amanzi methanide Ukukhulisa (metal carbides): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.

Izakhiwo hydrocarbon elihlale

Ukuze kube lula, idatha ziqoqwa ethebuleni.

isiphetho

Lesi sihloko sasikhuluma kubhekwa into ezifana alkanes (isakhiwo, ngesilwane esifuywayo, isomerism, uchungechunge homologous nokunye.). Lisitshela okuncane mayelana izici osabalalayo futhi esikhundleni nomenclatures. Izindlela bachazwa ukuthola alkanes.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sihloko efakwe ohlwini ngokuningiliziwe yonke ngesilwane esifuywayo of alkanes (test kungasiza sokwetshisa ulwazi).