Andre Geim, physics yesimanje usosayensi: Biography, ezesayensi impumelelo, imiklomelo kanye nemiklomelo

Mnumzane u-Andre Geim - Ilungu le-Royal Society, University of Manchester kanye physics British-Dutch, yazalwa ngo-Russia. Bekanye Konstantin Novoselov ngo-2010 yena yanikezelwa uMklomelo KaNobel physics ngomsebenzi wakhe ku Graphene. Okwamanje yena Regius UProfesa noMqondisi weSikhungo Nanotechnology kanye mezonauki Manchester University.

Andre Geim: Biography

Wazalelwa emkhayeni 21.10.58 Konstantin Geim noNina Nikolayevna Bayer. Abazali bakhe onjiniyela Soviet Lokudabuka German. Ngokusho Heim, ugogo kanina wayengumJuda, futhi yena wayehlushwa isifo kwamaJuda, ngoba igama lakhe umsindo abangamaJuda. Geim unomfowenu Vladislav. Ngo-1965 nomkhaya wakhe bathuthela emzini Nalchik, lapho waya esikoleni, onguchwepheshe ngesiNgisi. Ngemva kokuthola iziqu nge-honours, kabili wazama ukungena eMoscow Engineering Physics Institute, kodwa ngeke bashiywe ngaphandle abangaphumelelanga. Wabe esenika emaphepheni MIPT, futhi kulesi sikhathi wakwazi ukukwenza. Ngokusho kwakhe, abafundi watadisha ngokuzikhandla kakhulu - ingcindezi sasinamandla kangangokuthi abantu aqhumuke ngashiya nesikole, kanti ezinye bagcina nokucindezeleka, bayasangana ukuzibulala.

umsebenzi zezemfundo

Andre Geim wathola idiploma yakhe ngo-1982, futhi ngo-1987 waba PhD in Physics of Izinsimbi Isikhungo yesimo esiqinile Physics e Chernogolovka. Ngokusho usosayensi, kuyilapho wayengafuni ukuzibandakanya kulesi siqondiso, wakhetha aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana physics kanye isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, kodwa namuhla ukuthi wakujabulela abalithandayo.

Geim wasebenza njengoba umngane ucwaningo e-Institute of Microelectronics Technologies e Sciences, futhi kusukela ngo-1990 - University of Nottingham (kabili), Bath and Copenhagen. Ngokusho kwakhe, phesheya okungenzeka wayesenzile bahlanganyele ucwaningo, hhayi ukubhekana ezombusazwe, ngakho wanquma ukulishiya USSR.

Imisebenzi e-Netherlands

esigcwele isikhundla sakhe sokuqala, u-Andre Geim iwine ngo-1994, lapho eba likaprofesa e-University of Nijmegen, lapho egxile umumo wokwakha mesoscopic. Kamuva wathola yisakhamuzi Dutch. Esinye isifundo sakhe iziqu kwaba Konstantin Novoselov, owaba umngane wakhe main yesayensi. Nokho, ngokuvumelana Geim, umsebenzi wakhe zezemfundo eNetherlands kwakusala kude Licwathile. Yena wathenjiswa professorship at Nijmegen futhi Eindhoven, kodwa wenqaba ngoba wathola Dutch uhlelo academic phezulu kakhulu nasekubulaleni ezombusazwe kuyinto engasho lutho, kuba iyafana British, lapho isisebenzi ngasinye ilingana. Encwadini yakhe i-Nobel inkulumo Game kamuva ethi lesi simo kwaba kancane surreal, ngoba ngaphandle inyuvesi yena ngezandla ezimhlophe yonke indawo, kuhlanganise nomphathi wakhe, futhi abanye ososayensi.

Ukudlulela UK

Ngo-2001, Game waba onguprofesa wezinto zemvelo University of Manchester, futhi ngo-2002 wamiswa njengombonisi Umqondisi we mezonauki Manchester Centre kanye ne-nanotechnology kanye noSolwazi Lenguorti. Unkosikazi kanye nembangi co-umbhali Irina Grigorieva nabo bathuthela Manchester njengoba uthisha. Kamuva kwangena uKonstantin Novoselov. Kusukela ngo-2007, Game waba nabo abaphezulu eMkhandlwini Ubunjiniyela neSayensi Research. Ngo-2010, e-University of Nijmegen wammisa Uprofesa materials ezintsha futhi nanoscience.

ucwaningo

Geim akwazi ukuthola indlela elula ukwehlukanisa umuntu ungqimba zama-athomu-graphite, eyaziwa ngokuthi Graphene, ngokubambisana neNhlangano ososayensi e-University of Manchester futhi IMT. Ngo-October 2004, iqembu lanyathelisa imiphumela kamagazini i-Science.

Graphene siqukethe carbon ungqimba kabani la ma-athomu wahlela iheksagoni mgudumbili. Kuyinto impahla thinnest emhlabeni, futhi omunye isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi eliqinile. Ngoqobo kukhona izicelo eziningi ezingaba khona, futhi elinye elihle kakhulu silicon. Ngokusho Heim, omunye izicelo lokuqala Graphene kungenzeka ukuthuthukiswa nezimo touch izikrini. Akazange-patent material amasha, ngoba ukwenza kanjalo wayengeke kudingeka lwalowo kwesicelo kanye umlingani embonini.

I-physics kwaba ukuhlakulela ingcina biomimetic, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi gecko tape ngenxa stickiness nemilenze zesigcilikisha. Lezizifundo zisekhona ngendlela efanele usaqala, kodwa enikeza ithemba ukuthi abantu esikhathini esizayo uzokwazi ukugibela ophahleni efana Spiderman.

Ngo-1997, Geim cabangela lokho okungaba imiphumela uzibuthe phezu kwamanzi, okwaholela ukuvulwa odumile ngqo levitation diamagnetic yamanzi Yaziwa ukuboniswa yayo ontantela phezulu frog. Waphinde wasebenza phezu umumo wokwakha kanye physics mesoscopic abathintekayo.

Mayelana kukhethwa izifundo zocwaningo yakhe Geim uthe Odelela indlela, lapho abantu abaningi bakhetha isihloko PhD yakhe mqondo, bese uqhubeke ngendaba efanayo ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Ngaphambi wathola isikhundla sakhe zokuqala zesikhathi esigcwele, washintsha lokho ayekufundisa izikhathi ezinhlanu, futhi wamsiza kunokuningi okufanele sikufunde.

Esikhathini 2001 Waqamba co-nombhali hamster esithandayo Tisha.

Umlando kwatholakala Graphene

Omunye ekwindla kusihlwa ngo-2002, u-Andre Geim wacabanga mayelana carbon. Yena ezikhethekile izinto zokwakha microscopically mncane futhi sizibuza ukuthi kazi izingqimba subtlest materials singaziphatha ngokungathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokuhlola. Graphite, ehlanganisa amafilimu monovalent, kwaba ikhandidethi esisobala ucwaningo, kodwa izindlela esezingeni kwemihlambi amasampula ultrathin yayiyobizwa ebilayo futhi walibhubhisa. Ngakho-ke Heim wayala omunye umfundi ophothule izifundo Yebo Jiang zama ukuthola isampula mancane kakhulu, ngangokunokwenzeka, izingqimba okungenani abangamakhulu amaningana athomu, wokucwebezelisa graphite usayizi crystal elilodwa intshi. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, Jiang ulilethele carbon amabele petri dish. Ngemva kokutadisha ke ngesibonakhulu Heim wamcela ukuba uzame futhi. Jiang wathi lona konke kwesokunxele crystal. Ngesikhathi lapho Game Entela wamkhuza ukuthi umfundi kusulwe entabeni ukuze uthole uhlamvu lwenhlabathi, omunye wozakwabo abaphezulu Ngabona izigaxa kudoti esetshenziswa Scotch tape, side okunamathelayo zazo wambozwa grey, ifilimu kancane shiny graphite izinsalela.

Laboratories emhlabeni wonke, abacwaningi usebenzisa itheyiphu ukuhlola izindawo kokokunamathisela amasampula zokuhlola. Zogqinsi carbon, izingxenye graphite, nakanjani wavuma (ama g. 1564 impahla isetshenziswa amapensela, njengoba eshiya uphawu ebonakalayo iphepha) ukuze tape ehlukanisa izinhlayiya zeqhwa kalula. Game wafaka ucezu imbobo itheyiphu ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu futhi wathola ukuthi ukushuba we-graphite kade lingaphansi kunaleyo ayewubonile kuze kube manje. Egoqekayo, ukugxisha futhi nokunqamula tape, wakwazi ukufeza izingqimba ngisho ohlabayo.

Geim aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuhlukanisa mgudumbili impahla: carbon ungqimba monatomic ukuthi ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu-athomu kuyinto indiza ye-hexagon ngehele, kepha efaniswe lezinyosi. zesayensi theory into okuthiwa Graphene, kodwa abazange ukulindela ukuthi ingatholakala emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Babecabanga okokusebenza disintegrates ku amabhola encanyana. Kunalokho Heym wabona Graphene uhlala kwelinye indiza, okuyinto eziba nezifaca njengoba eliletha ukuthula ejenti.

Graphene: sezindawo emangalisayo

Andre Geim wacela usizo iziqu umfundi Konstantin Novoselov, baqala amahora nane ngosuku ukufunda izinto ezintsha. Njengoba baqhuba uchungechunge ucwaningo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izakhiwo okuphawulekayo impahla atholakele kule minyaka emibili ezayo. Ngenxa yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu esiyingqayizivele, ama-electron ngaphandle babhekana nemiphumela kwezinye izingqimba, Ungahambisa ngokukhululekile eheleni futhi fast kakhulu. I conductivity ka Graphene kuyinto izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane zethusi. Vulamehlo lokuqala Heym observation laliphinyiselwa "ensimini umphumela", esizibonakalisa khona inkambu kagesi, okuvumela ukulawula conductivity. Lo mphumela ingenye izici belinganisa we-silicon elisetshenziswa Computer Chips. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi Graphene kungaba esikhundleni sakhe, okuyinto abakhiqizi ikhompyutha wafuna iminyaka eminingi.

Indlela ekunakeni

Geim futhi Konstantin Novoselov Ubhale iphepha ikhasi emithathu echaza abakutholile. Wakhe kabili sinqatshiwe Nature, Eyodwa mbhalo owathi inyumbazana ngenxa esitebeleni impahla mgudumbili akunakwenzeka, kanye nezinye akazange akubone "intuthuko eyanele ngokwesayensi." Kodwa ngo-October 2004, esihlokweni esithi "Umthelela emkhakheni kagesi in the carbon athomu okuphakathi amafilimu," esanyatheliswa Science Esenze okuvelayo phezu ososayensi - phambi kwabo eqanjiwe kuba ngokoqobo.

ngendathane okutholakele

Laboratories emhlabeni wonke baye baqala ukutadisha usebenzisa ingcina itheyiphu amasu umdlalo, futhi ososayensi baye bathola nezinye izakhiwo Graphene. Nakuba kwakuyinto impahla thinnest endaweni yonke, kwaba izikhathi ezingu-150 liqinile kunensimbi. Graphene wazibonakalisa pliable njengoba iraba, futhi kungenziwa welulela kuze kufinyelele 120% of ubude bawo. Ngokwenza ucwaningo Filippa KIMA, kulandele ososayensi at Columbia University, kwatholakala ukuthi le nto ingaphezu kagesi conductive ngaphandle ifakiwe ngaphambili. Kim Graphene ibekwe ku a cleaner, lapho kungekho ezinye impahla ayikwazanga ukubambezela ukunyakaza subatomic yayo izinhlayiya futhi wabonisa ukuthi unamandla "ukuhamba" - izinga lapho kagesi sidlula Semiconductor - izikhathi 250 obukhulu kunobukaJohane silicon.

ubuchwepheshe race

Ngo-2010, ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha ukutholakala ukuthi wenza u-Andre Geim futhi Konstantin Novoselov uMklomelo KaNobel okwamanje yaklonyeliswa. Khona-ke abezindaba ngokuthi Graphene "isimangaliso impahla", ikhemikhali "Kungenzeka ukushintsha izwe." Sasondela ngokokukhetha kwabacwaningi zezemfundo emkhakheni physics, ubunjiniyela kagesi, imithi, i-chemistry kanye nabanye. Ikhishwe amalungelo obunikazi ukusetshenziswa Graphene e amabhethri, ekhombisa nezimo, kungeyona izinhlelo, solar-powered, microcomputers eziphambili ultra-fast.

Ososayensi e China ngidalé impahla akhanya emhlabeni - Graphene-airgel. Kuyinto izikhathi 7 alula kakhulu kunomoya emoyeni - izidakamizwa ngalinye imitha cubic ukala 160 g Graphene-airgel kuveza nqabela-iphele ijeli eliqukethe Graphene futhi nanotubes.

I-University of Manchester, lapho ukusebenza Geim futhi Novoselov, uhulumeni waseBrithani usise eziyizigidi ezingu-60 zamaRandi ukudala on ngesisekelo yayo National Institute of Graphene, esizokwenza izwe ukuba ziyingxenye phezulu patent-abanikazi emhlabeni - Korea, China ne-United States, owaqala emncintiswaneni ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane bokuqala imikhiqizo emhlabeni wamavukelambuso esekelwe izinto ezintsha.

Honours

Linga levitation kazibuthe amaxoxo bukhoma akanikelanga ngempela umphumela ukuthi ulindele Maykl Berri no-Andre Geim. Ig uMklomelo KaNobel waklonyeliswa kubo ngo-2000

Ngo-2006, Geim iwine Umagazini i-Scientific American 50.

Ngo-2007, i-Institute of Physics ukhishwa kuye umklomelo kanye indondo ye Mott. Khona-ke Heim wakhethwa Zakhamizi yi-Royal Society.

Game futhi Novoselov ihlukaniswe umklomelo ngonyaka ka-2008, "Evrofizika" "I-bangabonwa futhi kwemihlambi monohydric carbon ungqimba futhi incazelo izakhiwo zawo ezimangalisayo ngogesi." Ngo-2009, wathola indondo Kerber.

Enye ibhonasi Andreya Geyma, okuthiwa Dzhona Karti, okuyinto yena yanikezelwa US National Academy of Sciences ngo-2010, wanikwa "ngoba ukugcwaliseka zaso zokuhlola kanye ukuphenywa kokuphulwa Graphene, ifomu mgudumbili carbon."

Futhi ngo-2010 wathola esinye professorships eziyisithupha zokuhlonipha yi-Royal Society kanye Hughes Medal "ngenxa ukutholakala mbuso ka Graphene futhi embula izakhiwo zawo ezimangalisayo." Game iye yaklonyeliswa zobudokotela zokuhlonipha kusukela Delft University of Technology, i-Institute of Technology Zurich, University of Antwerp futhi Manchester.

Ngo-2010 waba Knight Order of the Dutch Lion ngegalelo lakhe isayensi Dutch. Ngo-2012, amasevisi isayensi Game waba bachelor knight. Wakhethwa ilungu amazwe Academy of Sciences of-United States Ngo-May 2012

kaNobel

Geim futhi Novoselov ngoba obungahluleki locwaningo Graphene waklonyeliswa 2010 Nobel Prize ngo-physics, i-yezwa umklomelo, Geim wathi engazange alindele ukuba ukuthole kulo nyaka, futhi ngeke ashintshe izinhlelo zabo esizayo kule ndaba. I-physics zanamuhla wayenethemba lokuthi Graphene nezinye zinhlayiya mgudumbili zizoshintsha ekuphileni kwansuku zonke abantu ngendlela efanayo njengoba benza plastic. Lo mklomelo wamenza umuntu wokuqala owanqoba iNobel futhi Ig uMklomelo KaNobel kanyekanye. Isifundo wakhe wawenziwa ngo-December 8, 2010 e-University of Stockholm.