Alkaloid - kuyinto ... Ukwahlukanisa alkaloids, isici

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye basebenzisa izithako herbal ukuze ngidambise izinhlungu kanye balahle izifo lemikhuhlane. Nokho, lolu cwaningo yiyona Ukwakheka ingxenye, ukwabiwa lezi zakhi ukuthi nalowo mphumela ukuthi kungenzeka kuphela nge ukuthuthukiswa ezibanzi omkhulu yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali njengoba isayensi, okungukuthi, kusukela ngekhulu XVII.

Yingaleso sikhathi ekujuleni isitshalo eziphilayo, futhi namuhla, futhi kwezinye izilwane, wathola izakhi ze-nitrogen-oqukethe organic, okuyinto ukunikeza umphumela kangaka okudingeka zokwelapha. Kusukela 1819, igama elivamile leli qembu izinto - alkaloids. Eziphakanyisiwe V.Meysnerom, wemithi futhi udokotela.

Kuyini alkaloid?

Okwamanje wamukele ukuthi alkaloid - ekhuthaza eyindilinga equkethe akha iringi noma uhlangothi chain eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ama-athomu nitrogen ne imvelo amakhemikhali izakhiwo ekuthuthukiseni we alkalis ababuthakathaka, njenge-ammonia. okukhulunywe ngaphambilini definition lezi izinto njengomuntu nemikhiqizo base nitrogen pyridine. Nokho, eziningi ezibangela lokhu iqembu kamuva wathola kwezinto, eyabonisa ukuthi ukuhumusha okunjalo akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, futhi awubhekene lonke ezihlukahlukene alkaloids.

Ngokokuqala ngqá le nto itholiwe futhi Sizohlola 1803 ososayensi Dersonom. Kwakuwusuku morphine ethathwe opium. Ngemva kwalokho, ngayodwana, ososayensi abaningi baye bathola eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi compounds heterocyclic kusuka material plant. Ngakho kwadingeka umbono ukuthi yalolu ketshezi alkaloid- ikakhulu odabuka yemvelo. It ikhiqizwa kuphela izitshalo.

I amakhemikhali ukwakheka kwama-molecule

Ngokwemvelo yabo zamakhemikhali, la izinto - a izakhi ze-nitrogen-oqukethe organic eziqukethe ama-athomu nitrogen heterocycles eziyinkimbinkimbi, oxhumene by izinhlobo ezahlukene lezo zibopho futhi ekuhlanganyeleni.

Kusukela izitshalo, bona ivelele ukubunjwa nosawoti of acid ezithile:

• malic;
• iwayini;
• oxalic;
• acetic nabanye.

Uma imfuyo okumsulwa uhlukane usawoti, kungenzeka ukuthola alkaloid njengoba powder crystalline, futhi kungenzeka ukwakha isakhiwo okusamanzi (i-nicotine). Kulesi futhi kwelinye icala - kuyinto kwakwakhe ane-alikhali bembonisa ezifanele chemical izakhiwo.

Okungukuthi, ukwakheka kwezinto alkaloids eyaziwa futhi waqonda. Ngokwesibonelo, izindlela kuchazwe ngazo behlukene material plant. Basuke esekelwe solubility nosawoti of alkaloids emanzini, njengoba compounds okumsulwa cishe zingaxazululeki emanzini, kodwa kahle ukukwenza ezihogelwayo.

Inani ukusabela lapho zenzeka besebenzisa nokuzihlukanisa cwaningo compounds zokuphumula ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi alkaloid.

1. Inzika. Ukusabela, ngokusekelwe ekumiseni ningusawoti alkaloid, okuyinto kusheshisa zingaxazululeki. Lokhu ungakwenza ngokuxoxa usebenzisa izingxenye ezilandelayo: tannin, picric acid noma phosphotungstic molybdic acid.
2. Inzika. Ukusabela, ngokusekelwe kumiswa nosawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi nge compounds alkaloid. Reagents: chloride mercuric, potassium iodide noma bismuth.
3. Staining. Lapho kuvamile uhlobo izinguquko alkaloid bese iba olubonakalayo ukwakheka jikelele. Umgomo we isinyathelo - nomthelela heterocycles ukubukeka umbala. Reagents: nitric acid, i-sulfuric acid, ithusi hydroxide, ithusi (II) -precipitated.

Ngokuvamile ukusabela staining ayinawo imiphumela olunembile, njengengxenye alkaloids heterocyclic ezifana nalezo yezinhlayiya amaprotheni. Ngakho anika nomphumela ofanayo.

Ukwahlukaniswa alkaloids

Yini izigaba zihlukaniswe zonke compounds aziwayo yaleli qembu, inquma uhlobo alkaloids, yayo isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa sidalwe academician AP Orekhov futhi sitholakala ngesisekelo uhlobo begodu nesakhiwo heterocycle ne-athomu nitrogen therein.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, nemikhiqizo yalo. Leli qembu ingase ihlanganise alkaloids ezifana platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin nabanye. Isakhiwo ngesisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi heterocycles emihlanu membered ohlanganiswe nomunye, okuyinto isakhiwo kufaka athomu nitrogen.
2. Piperidine futhi pyridine nemikhiqizo yalo. Abamele anabasine, lobeline. Isisekelo - eziyisithupha-membered imijikelezo eziyinkimbinkimbi ne-nitrogen eningi.
3. Quinolizidine futhi compounds yayo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa: pahikarpin, termopsin nabanye. Chemical isisekelo e eziyinkimbinkimbi heterocycles ayisithupha membered, oxhumene kanye nitrogen.
4. Quinoline - quinine, echinopsine.
5. Iqembu ebalulekile alkaloids kuvamile - isoquinoline compounds. Salsalin, morphine kanye papaverine - kabanzi imithi. Lokhu kungabuye kube alkaloids ezitshalweni Barberry, Maçka futhi celandine.
6. Amakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo tropane nemikhiqizo kakhulu - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Isakhiwo emelelwa nzima tho, pyrrolidine okwakuthandelene futhi piperidine izindandatho.
7. Indole futhi yayo compounds - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, nabanye. Inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi five- futhi ayisithupha membered izindandatho ne-athomu omoya-nitrogen isakhiwo.
8. I alkaloid eyinhloko embonini ukudla nemithi - caffeine kusukela amaqabunga tea futhi imbewu esigxotsheni isitshalo. Lihlobene purine nemikhiqizo - compounds eyinkimbinkimbi heterocycles ahlukahlukene nokuningi ngama-athomu nitrogen kwengoma.
9. Ephedrine futhi compounds yayo - sferofizin, colchicine futhi kolhamin. Igama amakhemikhali ephedrine, khomba isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi yayo, fenilmetilaminopropanol - a eziyinkimbinkimbi organic utshwala elimnandi.
10. Eminyakeni yamuva, unquma ukwaba izinto ezithile neqembu alkaloids kwezidakamizwa - corticosteroids futhi hormone ocansini.

izakhiwo

I izici eyinhloko yaleli qembu zihlanganisa ikhono chaza uketshezi ezihlukahlukene kanye nesimo aggregate at kwezimo ezijwayelekile.

Ezingeni lokushisa elilingana lo alkaloid evamile - a crystalline okuqinile. Umbala, ukuhogela, njengoba umthetho, akudingeki. On ulwanga, ikakhulukazi ebabayo, astringent, ezingemnandi. Abonise umsebenzi optical e isixazululo.

Ezinye zalezi izinto ezifanayo uketshezi at kwezimo ezijwayelekile - kuyinto alkaloids anoxic mayelana 200. Ngokwesibonelo, i-nicotine pahikarpin, coniine.

Uma sikhuluma solubility emanzini, ke ungenza kanjalo caffeine ngokuphelele kuphela, i-ephedrine, ergometrine. Abanye amalungu alesi sigaba compounds encibilikayo kuphela uketshezi organic (awuketshezi).

Isenzo umzimba womuntu

Alkaloid - into inomphumela elinamandla womuntu nezilwane. Uyini umthelela?

1. umthelela Kakhulu ungaphakathi isimiso sezinzwa, ekupheleni amangqamuzana ezinzwa, synapse, neurotransmitter izinqubo. Ezindaweni idatha yomzimba amaqembu ehlukene alkaloids ukwenza njenge sedatives, psychotropics, nemvelo reflex, antitussives, evuselela, kwelashwa, analgesics. Lapho zisetshenziswa kahle ngenxa yezizathu zempilo akuvunyelwe dosed nangokunembile, miphumela okunenzuzo. Nokho, ukweqisa izidakamizwa kulencane kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí sina kakhulu futhi ebuhlungu.
2. Isenzo ku esimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi - anti-arrhythmic, kuthuthukisa kwegazi, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Uma ngesisekelo izidakamizwa alkaloid zisetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele noma ngaphandle kukuqinisekisa ukuthi uvumelana nale umthamo ezidingekayo, kungabangela lokhu okulandelayo:

• umbono kahle futhi ukulalelwa;
• nokuvaleka kwemigudu yokuphefumula, isifuba yobunzima;
• isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza,
• ukopha;
• nomlomo owomile;
• waba ukwanda okukhulu noma ukwehla komfutho wegazi;
• ubuthi nokufa ezinzima.

Ingxenye enkulu alkaloids e imiphumela yabo bokuphila ku umuntu ushevu, eqinile, Ukudlikizela okubangela ukufa (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Enye ingxenye - compounds kwezidakamizwa ezibangela ukuba kwakhe umlutha. Ngokomqondo, ngokomzwelo nangokomzimba (i-nicotine, i-caffeine, i-cocaine). Ngakho-ke, lezi zakhi kudingeka baziphathe ngokucophelela okukhulu futhi usebenzise iseluleko kadokotela kuphela.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha

Kulesi izitshalo endaweni equkethe alkaloids - luyisisekelo eziningi izidakamizwa ezibanzi-spectrum, noma, kunalokho, ezikhethekile kakhulu. Ngesisekelo izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana ukulungele suppositories, infusions, amaphilisi, izixazululo ampoule. Isenzo kuhloswe ekwelapheni izifo zenhliziyo, zokuphefumula, isimiso sezinzwa futhi eziyimpumelelo elokugula ngengqondo. Futhi for ekwelapheni isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene, ezifana nokukhandela imbeleko, izifo oncological, ukuqeda tjwala kanye nezinye izindawo eziningi.

Equkethe alkaloids emvelweni?

In vivo alkaloids aqukethe amakhambi okwelapha futhi izitshalo. Namhlanje okolo10000 amagama la izinto aziwa futhi cishe bonke of them are ekhishwe ngokunembile izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana.

Ezingxenyeni ezithile zase-fungus, amaseli webhaktheriya, ulwelwe, echinoderms alkaloids ezitholakele. compounds alkaloid ikhishelwe kusukela ubunjalo isilwane amaseli ezithile, kodwa zimbalwa.

Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi umphakeli eyinhloko, mthombo ongashi lezi izinto ngenjongo yokwelapha, ukuphila komuntu, imboni - izitshalo aqukethe alkaloids.

izitshalo izidakamizwa

Yiziphi lezi zitshalo? Ababona, eqinisweni, eziningi kakhulu ukubalula zonke. Nokho, ungakwazi igama ezivamile futhi evame ukusetshenziswa ngumuntu.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - platifillin alkaloid futhi senetsifillin - sine nomphumela spasmolytic emzimbeni, isetshenziselwe ukudala ukuthaka imithi elihambisana.
2. Belladonna sylvestris kusukela umndeni Solanaceae. Kubalulekile kakhulu imithi isitshalo. Belladonna alkaloids - atropine futhi belladonnin. Amalungiselelo esekelwe imbiza izithako sikhuthaze isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kubekhona engqondweni nasemzimbeni, ukwandisa ukusebenza nokukhuthazela. Ifa umphumela spasmolytic kanye analgesic. Ngesisekelo sicashunwa zalesi sitshalo Kumiswa okwelapha amathonsi, isithako nomuthi namakhandlela.
3. Belem abamnyama. Ngokugcwele isitshalo esinoshevu, zonke izingxenye zawo ayingozi. Alkaloids - hyoscyamine futhi scopolamine. Isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo zezinzwa isicanucanu.
4. Celandine. Kuvame kakhulu ezweni lethu isitshalo. Nokho, liqukethe alkaloids Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin nabanye. Kakhulu nobuthi uma esetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele.
5. Alkaloids ezitshalweni papaveraceous abalwa ezimbili kweshumi. Lokhu-opium, morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, Codeine, nezinye nemikhiqizo isoquinoline. umphumela yabo nokubaluleka kubhekwe eceleni.
6. myasokrasnaya Passionflower. Liqukethe eziningi alkaloids, nemikhiqizo indole. It kunomphumela enamandla sine.
7. Ergot. Ngokukhethekile wadala isiko yaleli ukhunta amagciwane ukuthi sibulala izitshalo rye, asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza alkaloids eziqine. It ergotamine futhi ergometrine, futhi kwezinhlobo 18. Kusetshenziswa imithi (ikakhulukazi zabesifazane).
8. Rauwolfia oyinyoka - izimpande nezinhlamvu zalesi sitshalo aqukethe alkaloids ezingaphezu kuka-50, asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo zenhliziyo, kuhlanganise nomfutho wegazi ophezulu.

Amakhambi nezitshalo - endaweni kubaluleke kakhulu wokuphila emkhakheni wamuva wezokwelapha. Phela, iningi imikhiqizo kwemiqondo kusekelwe ngezinto zemvelo eluhlaza. Ziye zasetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi awalulahlanga ukuhlobana kwabo abantu namuhla. Kunalokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu bayakuthanda kakhulu ukuthola futhi ukuhlola ukwakheka ingxenye izitshalo ezifana ukuze uthole okuthile okubalulekile, into eyosisiza ukuxazulula inkinga yezifo eziningi ezingelapheki.

I alkaloid ezivamile

Labo kubhekwa esuselwe opium - Codeine. Kungenzeka ukwaba ekhethekile amakhemikhali ukusabela morphine. Kuqhathaniswa khono, kuphephile ukusebenzisa, njengoba i-action esithambile. Nokho, ukusebenza njengoba isidambisa-zinhlungu, antitussive, izidakamizwa sine akukho okubi kunalokho of morphine noma opium uqobo.

Ngakho-ke, imithi Codeine ezisekelwe kuvamile kakhulu kwezokwelapha ezisetshenziswa abantu kuwo wonke amazwe. I nemikhawuko kuphela - kungcono umthamo. Kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela iseluleko ngaphansi kweso lwezokwelapha.

I-opium nayo futhi alkaloids yayo

Opiates - njengoba kwezokwelapha kanye ne-chemistry ngokuthi zonke alkaloids opium, okungaba ukuphuma kuso sikude futhi kuhlelwe umqondo kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo. Ikuphi ukuhlobana okukhona? Ngeshwa, manje izindebe cishe wonke umuntu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abanazo izimfanelo kokuba nedumela elihle nokuba Uyakufanelekela, isicelo lesifanele. Lawa alkaloids, njenge:

• morphine;
• papaverine;
• i-heroin,
• Codeine.

Kwezokwelapha, lezi izinto ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo antitussives, analgesics, sedatives. Codeine ezisekelwe ngisho wadala eziningi imithi imikhuhlane ezinganeni.

Nokho, yingxube njenge-opium ne-heroin, asetshenziselwa nje kuphela izinjongo kwezokwelapha, kodwa futhi njengoba izidakamizwa eziyingozi empilweni oludakayo. Tibangela kwencika ezimbi zomzimba womuntu futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ungase udale umonakalo omkhulu empilweni, ngisho izimpilo zabantu.