Mpunga ihlathi nenhlabathi: izici, nemibandela ekwakhekeni, izakhiwo

I massifs oluhlaza lapho zilwane ezibanzi enezicabha zikhule, kwakhiwa grey ihlathi nenhlabathi. endaweni yemvelo indawo yabo - endaweni ngokulinganisela sezulu yezwekazi. Lezi zindawo lapho kukhona inqwaba izinsuku sunny futhi akukho imvula.

ukusabalala

Mpunga ihlathi nenhlabathi kuthiwa elisoGwini ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu yeRussia. ahamba ingxenye enkulu yensimu luthathe eCanada nase-United States. Le ndawo asemaqeleni akhelene kuya enyakatho ne izifunda Boreal, futhi eningizimu - kusukela esifundeni asemaqeleni.

Mpunga ihlathi nenhlabathi endaweni Russia, kuyinto strip okuqhubekayo wengxenye European yezwe. Atholakala endaweni enkulu kusukela emngceleni Ukraine eziNtabeni Zase-Ural. Bamba grey ihlathi nenhlabathi futhi endaweni etholakala kancane ngasempumalanga, kuze kube-Altai. Lena indawo West laseSiberia Plain. Insimu inhlabathi grey - kuyinto 3.5% kwendawo ingqikithi WaseRussia. Ngezansi Bheka ukuthi kukhona grey ihlathi nenhlabathi. Izici eRussia la mazwe kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo eyinhloko emkhakheni wezolimo uzophinde kumele yentiwe kulesi sihloko.

impumuzo

Lonke uhlamvu kwendawo landscape ithola nenhlabathi ezimpunga emathafeni. Engxenyeni European yasethafeni ihlathi-asemaqeleni is zisuka emoyeni ziqonde ezitshekile futhi inamagquma. E-Asia, ngaphandle, ngisho ezindaweni flat. Ehlathini kukhona inethiwekhi gullies kanye nemihosha. impumuzo sithinta izici umhlabathi grey, ngoba ngenxa yakhe, kukhona amanzi endaweni yemvelo.

nemibandela ukwakheka

kanjani grey ihlathi nenhlabathi? izimo imfundo ngabo kukhona elilungile kuphela isimo sezulu yezwekazi. Lona-avareji yonyaka air lokushisa plus degrees eziyisikhombisa ezindaweni entshonalanga kuya lokususa ezine nesigamu waya empumalanga. Futhi, lapho kumiswa umhlaba kuthinta ethile eshodayo e imvula phakathi nonyaka. E-West yezintaba zase-Ural kuyinto 500-600 mm, nasempumalanga yalezi emikhulu - 300 mm. Kulokhu, kukhona isilinganiso alinganayo kwezulu kanye ukuhwamuka. Kuyo yonke le nsimu, lapho kwakhiwa grey ihlathi nenhlabathi, ngilugcinile lokushisa elifanayo isilinganiso ngoJulayi. Akha 19-20 degrees.

Mpunga ihlathi nenhlabathi akhiwa ngaphansi izimila emelelwa amahlathi aluhlaza lezihlahla. West Dnieper, zingabantu-oki, * hornbeam kwengoma. Empumalanga, ukuze Urals, emahlathini oki kanye lindens zikhule. Ngezinye izikhathi kuba umlotha. Ngasempumalanga Ural Ukhahlamba ubuswa aspen namahlathi birch. Ngaphezu kwalokho, neTrans-iBaikal esifundeni, kukhona larch.

Ngenxa isisindo eliphezulu udoti izihlahla lezihlahla babe izakhiwo ezithile grey inhlabathi yasehlathini. Kwebalingisi sokuqanjwa libonisa wokuqukethwe lelisetulu calcium ne umlotha nabavoti. Zonke lezi zinto ezidla enhlabathini ne udoti, okuyinto mass ngokososayensi, ivela 70 kuya kwangu-90 quintals ehektheleni.

On the indawo yehlathi-asemaqeleni rocks inhlabathi-ukwakha amelwa loams. Lokhu carbonate imali.

Ngokuya herbaceous broadleaf amahlathi ezweni iza izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngaphandle kwawo, asikwazanga aye amiswa grey ihlathi nenhlabathi. ungqimba Isici-ukwakha kuyinto ngqo okuhlobene kilelihlelo. Eyokuqala senzeka bedle ukugeleza phansi amanzi ehlela phezu kwezulu phansi. Waba yini umphumela walesi nqubo Ukukhishwa imikhiqizo inhlabathi kanye weathering kwabo amatshe ezingqimbeni aphansi. Ngezinye izikhathi zonke lezi izinto siguqulelwa zamatshe loam.

Eyesibili, inqubo zibaluleke ngokulinganayo, ngenxa yokuthi empunga ihlathi nenhlabathi akhiwa ngaphansi kwezihlahla lezihlahla kanye notshani. Dead isitshalo ocebile izinto amaminerali, zibekwe ungqimba engenhla ngesimo izinsalela organic. Ezingqimbeni kobuso humus inhlabathi kwakheka. Lesi sendlalelo unothile izinto Organo-amaminerali, nakanjani i-calcium. Ngokwezinga elithileko ezincane ehlathini futhi sihamba inqubo podzol. It kuthuthukisa izingqimba engenhla sesquioxides inhlabathi kanye magnesium oxides, i-calcium nezinye izakhi eziningi.

isakhiwo

Mpunga ihlathi nenhlabathi (bheka ngezansi isithombe) ethulwa izingqimba ezinhlanu.

I esikhulu wabo has a ukushuba 3 cm. Lokhu udoti, ehlanganisa neperegnivshey utshani efile futhi ngokwempilo yangenyama. Okulandelayo kungabukeki grey ungqimba namandla kakhulu kabani ukujiya -. 12 cm kwakhiwa It is kusukela humus futhi isakhiwo okuxekethile. I ungqimba sesithathu ukujula -. 12 cm Umhlabathi ezinemibala Nutty noma ukukhanya grey umbala. Kulesi ungqimba lapho impregnations of Silica futhi humus. Ngokulandelayo, inhlabathi iba luhlaza ensundu. Kulesi ungqimba, lapho zanqwabelana yensimbi Organo compounds Avame ukutholakala amabala ecwebezelayo. Okulandelayo sisetshenziselwa izinto umzali umbala ophuzi onsundu.

Grey Inhlabathi ukwaba subtypes ezifana:

• grey ukukhanya;
• grey;
• umpofu omnyama.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa incike ubunjalo uqhubeke e izinqubo phansi Podzolization.

izici Chemical nenhlabathi grey

Ukwakheka kanye nenani micro- futhi macroelements, kuncike nemibandela kumiswa yonke izingqimba umkhathizwe. Yiziphi izindawo amakhemikhali grey ihlathi nenhlabathi? Isici etholwe uphenyo solution yabo aqueous, ivumela ukuba ngikhulume ngokukhululeka ngokukhubazeka ukusabela esidi wavuma esidi etholakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela ukuhlaziywa laboratory kubonisa ukugcwaliswa ongaphakeme nenhlabathi enjalo elisekela futhi yehlise imali yokuqala khathizwe ezimbili zobumba izinhlayiya.

Olwenziwe chemical nophenyo nezanele ukuba akhombise ngokunembile iqiniso kunoma subtype unesiqiniseko grey ihlathi nenhlabathi. Isici kubo lihlukile. Ngakho, i-grey ihlathi nenhlabathi ezinqwabelene semali humus. Bathola nokudlanga humic acid fulfokislotami. Yini enye engingabuye ezahlukene grey inhlabathi yasehlathini? Kwebalingisi lokhu ngenxa ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali, kuqinisekisa ekuqongeleleni calcium ke. Le nto emkhathizwe engenhla.

Izimpawu ompunga inhlabathi yasehlathini okubangelwa ukuqaliswa wokucwaninga ngamakhemikhali, kukhomba ukuthi iyona ebangela ubumpofu Icwele engenhla sesquioxides nokunonophala okuphawulekayo Silica. Lokhu kuqinisekisa Ukwakheka inqubo podzolization. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokucacile kakhulu ukuzwakala ukukhanya nenhlabathi grey subtype. Ngaphansi - e mpofu omnyama. Kuye subtype kwenhlabathi futhi babe ezahlukene nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, grey ukukhanya ifa ene-asidi. Kulesi bengeyona ezahlukene base ukugcwaliswa.

Izimpawu grey ihlathi nenhlabathi ibonisa ukuthi lokhu subtype Ubuye ukusabela acid. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona ezinye izisekelo unsaturated. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi ngaphansi kuka ukuthi yokukhanya grey subtype.

Esesithathu hlobo inhlabathi has elihle kunawo chemical izakhiwo. nenhlabathi grey babe ukusabela wavuma esidi a ukugcwaliswa elisekela ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo sabo waphawula humus okusezingeni eliphezulu okuqukethwe, i-phosphorus, i-calcium ne-nitrogen eningi.

Kufeza indima ebalulekile kulabo batadisha grey ihlathi nenhlabathi isici.

A etafuleni ukuthi ubala zonke izakhiwo subtypes ezahlukene kuzovumela ukukhumbula kangcono yonke idatha etholwe abacwaningi.

Ukucaciswa ngokomzimba

Izakhiwo umhlaba indawo asemaqeleni incike okuqukethwe humus. Ubunjalo bomzimba inhlabathi grey kuthinta ukuthungwa oyinhloko wamandla idwala.

I engenhla idatha khathizwe izingxenye abe porosity okusezingeni eliphezulu njengoba eliphezulu 60%. Njengoba siqhubekela phansi iphrofayli umhlabathi ayajiya. Lokhu kungenxa ukwehla lokuhlushwa humus. Idatha ye-izakhiwo ngokomzimba ezinye umehluko kuye subtype yalezi nenhlabathi. Ngakho, ngendlela rocks amnyama-grey we kwabantu subsurface ngisho nomncane. Lokhu kungenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu okuqukethwe humus kanye kwezinhlangano evelele.

Omunye izici ezingokomzimba kuyinto kwabantu khathizwe illuvial. Zonke subtypes ka nenhlabathi grey ke impela high. Inani layo ifinyelela kusuka 1.5 kuya 1.65 amagremu ngamunye isentimitha cubic. Mayelana porosity Imininingwane, kuba uhla kusuka 50 kuya 60%. A ezingqimbeni eliphezulu - kusuka 40 kuya 45%. porosity isici in a ukukhanya grey subtype ivame ukuba capillary hlobo. Lesi sici kunciphisa permeability kwenhlabathi.

Ngokuqondene grey subtype, izakhiwo zalo eziphathekayo ukuzenza athandeke. Lesi sendlalelo inhlabathi libhekene obunamandla amanzi, okuyinto ivumela wonke isitshalo ukuthola amanzi edingeka kakhulu ngaye. UGray no Okumpunga okukhanyayo subtypes ezweni ihlathi zone kunalokho edumazayo ifa nezici zabo ezingokomzimba. Lokhu humus okuqukethwe ongaphakeme, futhi idlanzana ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, kanye nenani elikhulu daka izingxenyana zaso. Zonke lezi zimfanelo neqhaza obesstrukturirovaniyu izingqimba engenhla umkhathizwe emva zilima. emazweni anjalo ukubhukuda ngokushesha futhi uqweqwe kumiswa kwenzeka phezu.

I microstructure we subtypes ezahlukene nenhlabathi grey abafani nezinye namanzi-ukumelana ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanyisa ukubukeka grey Ngemva kokulima indima ebonakalayo ngokushesha uphawu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli subtype siyenzeka khona inhlabathi lokubolekwa amanzi nemithi ukuthi kukhona kunangendlela 0.25 mm.

izici begazi

Humus inhlabathi aqoqana grey e khathizwe layo elingenhla futhi imele iqembu lonke ezihlobene compounds ephezulu yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. It ingxenye yezinto eziphilayo - isakhi esiyinhloko ungqimba organic iphrofayli kuqala. It has a lot of phosphorus, i-nitrogen nezinye izakhi. humus kumiswa senzeka isitshalo lezihlahla ezinhle nezimbi, kanye izimpande izitshalo kwabafile- iqhaza ngqo nezilwanyana ezincane.

izimo ezishisayo

Ngokusho lokhu inkomba grey ihlathi nenhlabathi izakhiwo abasakwazi evumayo. Isikhathi eside, okuyinto Uthatha Apreli kuya kuDisemba, azungeze iphrofayli yabo kukhona lokushisa omuhle. Ebandayo kwenzeka lapho kuqala ubusika, futhi ngezinye izikhathi Januwari. Ngo-April ungqimba 50 70 cm ukujula kakade incibilikiswa ngokuphelele.

Esikhathini enkabeni nasentshonalanga ihlathi-asemaqeleni zone of the facies inhlabathi kungokwalabo subtype ukushisa supply. Lapha ungakwazi ukubona okokuqandisa gqwa incibilikiswa we ungqimba engenhla ngesikhathi ebusika.

Enye umbuso ezishisayo of nenhlabathi ejwayelekile Western eSiberia. Lapha kukhona inkathi ende umnkantsha izingqimba umkhathizwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge obhekwe entwasahlobo inhlabathi incibilikiswa kancane. Lokhu kungenxa yesithwathwa ezinzima, kanye neqhwa elincane. umsebenzi Field kulezi zindawo ziqala ukuba kwenziwe kuphela ngoMeyi. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi emazingeni aphansi ngisho kwamakhaza ashubisa umnkantsha ayagcinwa.

imodi emoyeni

Lesi sici iqoqo inombolo enkulu imihlola. Futhi wonke axhumene ne ukufika emoyeni inhlabathi futhi ukuhamba kwayo eminye kuso, kanye ukusetshenziswa. Lokhu kubuye lo mkhuba negesi lokushintshisana ukuthi kwenzeka phakathi laphakathi kwehlamvu emkhathizwe kanti nomoya ezizungezile.

Inhlabathi emoyeni nge ukufika ngesizini ezayo kungokoqobo izinguquko abanye ngezithako zawo. Futhi ezingqimbeni eliphezulu yale nqubo okukhulu okuningi.

Amanzi umbuso

Mpunga ihlathi nenhlabathi libhekene njalo ugeza uhlobo inkomba. Njengomthetho, kwezulu luningi uwela ekwindla moisturize phansi cm 50 kuphela. Umswakama Deeper lingena ngesikhathi iqhwa lincibilika entwasahlobo. Kule ndaba, ukushuba we ogelezayo nokumanzisa inhlabathi kuncike amandla ebusika ikhava emifula meltwater.

izici ezithile zomkhathi lapho umbuso amanzi siyenzeka ezindaweni indawo emazombezombe. Lapha, ukulahlekelwa esiphezulu umswakama ehlobo kungenzeka-20% bese ikhava ungqimba inhlabathi kokuba imitha ukujiya.

A amanzi umbuso ohluke ngokuphelele inhlabathi zitholakala ezindaweni ihlathi. Nansi olwenzeka enkulu kweqhwa kwenzeka ebusika. Kule ndaba, entwasahlobo inhlabathi oswakanyiswe okukhulu okuningi. Nokho, kamuva, lisebenzisa uhlelo impande olujulile izihlahla. Lokhu bome inhlabathi kumuntu ka-4 kuya kwezingu-5 amamitha ukujula.

isimo sokudla

izakhiwo Iningi wajula inkomba babe grey inhlabathi yasehlathini. Banezinhliziyo wenzalo yemvelo okusezingeni eliphezulu ngenxa elikhulu lemali ekhona humus, phosphorus kanye nitrogen.

Imodi okunomsoco inhlabathi incike ukutshala Umanyolo uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izingqimba engenhla umkhathizwe lizoqukatha lemali enkulu izinto eziwusizo.

On umbuso sokudla nenhlabathi inomthelela okuqukethwe nitrogen hydrolyzable. Ikakhulukazi abampofu elementi grey inhlabathi ukukhanya. Omunye indices umhlaba kuzalwa khona khona kuzo phosphorus etholakalayo. Inani eliphelele le nto e residually nenhlabathi calcareous.

Summer isizini kuyasiza kusebenze zamakhemikhali, izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinye ezenzeka nenhlabathi olimekayo. Phakathi isizini efudumele kukhona ukwanda asidi hydrolytic futhi exchangeable. Kule ndaba, kwanciphisela inhlabathi ukugcwaliswa elisekela.

Ukusetshenziswa yomsebenzi wezomnotho

Esikhathini eziyinkimbinkimbi Agro-zezimboni yezwe abaningi abathintekayo endaweni lapho zikhona grey ihlathi nenhlabathi. Ukuvundisa umhlaba evumela abantu ukuba ngempumelelo sikhule nabo izitshalo ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, grey ihlathi nenhlabathi zinendawo yazo kule nokwakheka amadlelo emadlelweni, futhi hayfields.

Izindawo kutshalwa otshaliwe ukulima asemaqeleni entwasahlobo ebusika ukolweni, ummbila kanye ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi, yefilakisi, amazambane kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D. European ihlathi-okwandile ukulima.

I inzuzo yebhizinisi kuhlanganisa wonke subtypes grey inhlabathi. Lo muntu uvame ukuba sandise namathuba abo ngokusebenzisa ezehlukene zemisebenzi. Inamandla inhlabathi evundile owadalwa ukuvundisa utshani kulinywe. Lokhu kwenza kube ngcono ubunjalo bomzimba futhi umbuso umsoco nenhlabathi, kanye kunciphisa akwazi ukwakha inhlobo uqweqwe phezu ungqimba ebusweni. Ngaphandle izwe ne-asidi eningi i-ekuthuthukiseni izici zawo is phansi liming.

Ihlathi inqubo ukutshalwa grey kanye nenhlabathi ukukhanya grey futhi kungenzeka for ekhosombeni ungqimba olimekayo. Lo mcimbi ephelezelwa kokukhulelwa. Uma kudingekile, afeze umhlaba futhi liming.

Ukuvundisa inhlabathi grey ukwandisa isicelo ehlelekile fertilizer. Futhi ukuqeda anda asidi yabo hydrolytic usebenzisa Umanyolo phosphate.

ukusetshenziswa Agricultural grey ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi zokulawula kufanele sihambisane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene zensimu European zone ihlathi-asemaqeleni. Ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo ezingaka ukuhlakulela inhlabathi yonkana emthambekeni, uhlele emikhulu zobumba nokunye. D.