Physico-chemical kwebalingisi of izinto

ucwaningo Physical futhi zamakhemikhali isiqondiso ithempulethi yengqikithi ziye kabanzi zonke mkhakha womsebenzi womuntu. Bavumela ukuthi uhlole izindawo nomongo isithakazelo, sokunquma ingxenye ambalwa yezingxenye e isampuli.

izinto cwaningo

Ucwaningo lwesayensi yiyona cognition bento noma mkhuba ukuze uthole uhlelo imiqondo nolwazi. Isimiso ezisebenza yezindlela ezisetshenziswa zihlukaniswa:

• enokwehla;
• inhlangano;
• Interpretive;
• Izindlela sokuhlaziya qualitative ambalwa.

amasu ocwaningo enokwehla kubonise into ngaphansi Lucwaningo lolwentiwe yi-ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle futhi zihlanganisa ukuhlolwa, ukukalwa, ukuhlolwa, ukuqhathanisa. Lolu cwaningo enokwehla kusekelwe amaqiniso onokwethenjelwa futhi ingabe akuhileli ukudalwa izimo yokufakelwa for ukuhlaziya.

izindlela yenhlangano - ukuqhathanisa, longitudinal, eziyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala usho kutsini nakakhuluma nge ukuqhathanisa uthi lento eyebiwe ngezikhathi ezihlukene futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke komunye nomunye. Longitudinal - okwashiwo into cwaningo isikhathi eside. Isakhiwo kuyinto izindlela aggregate longitudinal nokuqhathanisa.

amasu Interpretive - zofuzo takhi. okufana bofuzo kuhilela ekutadisheni into kusukela buqala. indlela Bezakhiwe ayihlolayo uchaza into kudivayisi.

Izindlela qualitative ambalwa ukuhlaziywa amadili nge ithempulethi yengqikithi. izifundo Chemical kunqophe ukubunjwa into ucwaningo.

Izindlela sokuhlaziya bobukhulu

Esebenzisa ukuhlaziywa ambalwa of the ukwakheka zamakhemikhali kuchaziwe utho lomklamo. Cishe bonke ezisetshenzisiwe isifundo zakhiwa zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba izakhiwo ketshezi ku ngezithako zawo.

ukuhlaziywa quantitative kuyinto inani, ephelele futhi ngokwengxenye. Sekukonke inquma inani zonke izinto zaziwe into lafundvwako, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona lichaza ekwakheni noma cha. ukuhlaziywa Okugcwele ekutholeni ezahlukene ukwakheka ambalwa of the izinto eziqukethwe isampula. samuntu kwengxenye inquma okuqukethwe kuphela izingxenye isithakazelo ekuhloleni chemical.

Kuye indlela ukuhlaziywa kunamaqembu amathathu izindlela: zamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba futhi physicochemical. Zonke zisekelwe izinguquko Izakhiwo noma amakhemikhali ketshezi.

izifundo chemical

Le ndlela ihlose at ekukhombeni izinto quantitatively eyingozi yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene okwenzeka. Lesi sakamuva babe ukubonakaliswa yangaphandle (umbala ushintsho, ukuvela igesi, ukushisa, kwenze). Le ndlela is kabanzi eziningi zokuphila emphakathini wanamuhla. Laboratory zocwaningo kumakhemikhali ngempela ekhona zemithi, Petrochemical, embonini yezokwakha kanye nabanye abaningi.

Zintathu izinhlobo wokucwaninga ngamakhemikhali kungathiwa. Gravimetry, noma ukuhlaziya gravimetric esekelwe izici ambalwa of ushintsho i analyte e isampula. Lokhu kukhetha letilula anikete Imiphumela olunembile kodwa isikhathi ukudliwa. Kulesi hlobo izindlela amakhemikhali uphenyo oyifunayo izidakamizwa ukhululeka Ukwakheka jikelele kwenze noma igesi. Labe balethwa isigaba okuqinile zingaxazululeki, elicwengekileyo, wageza. Ukulandela lezi izinqubo kuhlaziywe ingxenye.

Titrimetry kuyinto ukuhlaziywa ngakuthathu. Ucwaningo Amakhemikhali kwenzeka ukulinganisa inani reagent ukuthi ixubana analyte. okuhlushwa Its kusengaphambili ezaziwayo. Umthamo reagent kukalwa lapho kwefrakshini iphuzu. Lapho igesi ukuhlaziywa noma ukunquma inani ugxile igesi ekhethiwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo livame ukusetshenziswa onobuhle zamakhemikhali. Okungukuthi, ukudala i Analogue into lafundvwako, kuwusizo kakhudlwana ukuba cwaningo.

ucwaningo physics

Ngokungafani wokucwaninga ngamakhemikhali esekelwe ekuqhubeni le ukusabela, izindlela ngokomzimba sokuhlaziya esekelwe izakhiwo izinto ezifanayo. Ukuze ukuqaliswa zabo kudinga imishini ekhethekile. Indlela liqukethe ekulinganiseni izinguquko izici ketshezi kubangelwa emisebeni. Izindlela eyinhloko behlolwa kukhona refractometry, polarimetry, fluorimetry.

Refractometry Kwenziwa usebenzisa refractometer. Indlela kunciphisa ukuba isifundo kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona kusishiya ukukhanya komunye naphakathi kwenye. Ukushintsha engela salokhu incike izakhiwo yezingxenye ophansi. Ngakho-ke, kuba nokwenzeka ukubona indlela yokwakheka medium and oyiyo.

Polarimetry Ukuhlola indlela optical esebenzisa ikhono izinto ezithile ukushintshanisa oscillation ngendiza ukukhanya yemigqa lihlukaniswe.

Fluorimetry ukusebenzisa lasers nezibani mercury ezikhiqiza emisebeni monochromatic. Ezinye izinto kukhona fluoristsentirovat uyakwazi (adonsa futhi akhipha emisebeni ugxile). It ephetha ngokuthi isinqumo ambalwa of izinto esekelwe fluorescence umfutho.

ucwaningo Physical namakhemikhali

izindlela zocwaningo Physical namakhemikhali ukubhalisa shintsho kule Izakhiwo zanoma ndaba ngaphansi kwethonya ukusabela yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. Zisekelwe ukwencika ngqo nezici zabo ezingokomzimba into ku yawo yamakhemikhali kwengoma. Lezi izindlela ezidinga ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi athile. Ngokuvamile, la mazwi wenziwa ngenxa conductivity ezishisayo, conductivity kagesi, ukumuncwa ukukhanya, ukuvala abacaphuni futhi ukuncibilika.

Physico-chemical izifundo lomcebo kabanzi ngenxa yokunemba kwalo okusezingeni eliphezulu nesivinini yokuthola imiphumela. Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa IT-ubuchwepheshe chemical izindlela kuye kwaba nzima ukusebenzisa. izindlela Physico-chemical obusetshenziswa embonini ukudla, ezolimo, forensics.

Omunye umehluko oyinhloko izindlela physico-amakhemikhali chemical wukuthi ekupheleni yokusabela (iphuzu kwefrakshini) itholakala nge yokulinganisa amadivayisi, hhayi ukubonakala.

Izindlela eziyinhloko zocwaningo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ubhekwa izindlela Spectral, electrochemical, ezishisayo kanye chromatographic.

Spectral ukuhlaziywa amasu izinto

Ngo izindlela ekucwaningweni Spectral into esekelwe nokuxhumana emisebeni kagesi. Ukunciphisa, reflection, bahlakaze zokugcina. Enye igama indlela - optical. Kuyinto iqoqo ucwaningo qualitative ambalwa. ukuhlaziywa Spectral ivumela ukuhlola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izingxenye isakhiwo, amandla kazibuthe kanye nezinye izici ketshezi.

Indlela liqukethe ekunqumeni amaza resonant lapho impahla iyaphendula ukukhanyisa. Ziyakwazi ngokuqinile ngamanye ingxenye ngayinye. Ngosizo spectroscope ungabona imigqa e bohlu futhi ukuhlonza izingxenye ketshezi. Amandla imigqa Spectral kunikeza umbono walokho kwebalingisi ambalwa. Ukwahlukaniswa uhla Spectral izindlela kukhona uhlobo Ihloso yesifundo.

Emission ndlela ivumela ukuba sitadishe spectra ekushayweni futhi inikeza ulwazi ukubunjwa ketshezi. Ukuze idatha waquliswa kagesi arc khulula. Enye indlela iwukuba photometry ilangabi. Absorption spectra kuphenyisiswe ukumuncwa indlela. Okokukhetha ukuhlaziywa qualitative izidakamizwa.

ukuhlaziywa quantitative eqhathanisa umfutho Spectral komugqa Spectral into yokuhlola kanye into emakamu ezaziwayo. izindlela elinjalo kufanele lifake ukumuncwa athomu, Fluorescent atomic assays luminescent, turbidimetry, nephelometry.

Bases ukuhlaziywa electrochemical izidakamizwa

ukuhlaziywa electrochemical isebenzisa electrolysis ukufunda ndaba. Ukusabela abazenzi in an isixazululo aqueous phezu electrode. Ukumeda ukuba ngomunye izici ezikhona. Ucwaningo kwenziwe eyeseli electrochemical. Lokhu isitsha, okuyinto ibekwe ku-electrolyte (ionic umqhubi impahla), electrode (impahla ngekhompyutha conductive). Electrode futhi electrolyte basebenzisane. Uma le wamanje enikeziwe kusukela ngaphandle.

Ukwahlukanisa izindlela electrochemical

izindlela electrochemical ihlukaniswa ngesisekelo imihlola, okuncike physico-chemical izifundo. Le ndlela ne ukunqunywa isakhiwo angaphandle futhi ngaphandle kwalo.

Conductometry kuyindlela ahlaziye alinganise conductivity kagesi kanye G. Lapho Assay conductometric ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa iselulo segama lefayela. Titration Conductometric - indlela ucwaningo ezivamile. Le ndlela isekelwe ukukhiqizwa conductometers ephathekayo asetshenziselwa izifundo amanzi zamakhemikhali.

Lapho efeza potentiometry kulinganiswa EMF esethola iseli electrochemical. coulometry indlela inquma inani ugesi idliwe ngesikhathi electrolysis. Voltammetry uhlola ukwencika Inani lamanje le umthamo nikubeke ezinhliziyweni zenu.

Thermal izindlela ukuhlaziywa izinto

ukuhlaziywa Thermal sihlose ekukhombeni izinguquko Izakhiwo into ukushisa. Lezi izindlela zocwaningo abazenzi esikhathini esifushane kanye esincane isampuli wafunda.

Thermogravimetry - eyodwa yezindlela sokuhlaziya ezishisayo, okuyinto ebangela yokubhaliswa mass i izinguquko into ngenxa lokushisa. Le ndlela ubhekwa omunye inembe kunazo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela ezishisayo uphenyo zihlanganisa calorimetry inquma umthamo ukushisa efana entalpimetriya esekelwe ukushisa ezithile esifundweni. Futhi, omunye wabo kufanele udluliselwe dilatometer okuyinto elungisa ushintsho isampula ivolumu ngenxa lokushisa.

izindlela Chromatographic sokuhlaziya izidakamizwa

indlela chromatographic indlela ngokuhlukana izidakamizwa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi chromatography, labo ezinkulu: igesi, ukusatshalaliswa, redox, sedimentation, ion exchange.

Izingxenye e isampuli zihlukaniswe phakathi izigaba mobile futhi umile. Esimweni sokuqala sikhuluma uketshezi noma umoya. Isigaba umile kuyinto sorbent - okuqinile. Izingxenye isampula esigabeni mobile sishukumiseleka kanye umile. Ijubane nesikhathi ukudlula izingxenye ngokusebenzisa Esigabeni sokugcina ukwahlulela izakhiwo zabo ezingokwenyama.

Ukusetshenziswa izindlela ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ucwaningo

I isiqondiso esibaluleke kakhulu izindlela ngokomzimba futhi kumakhemikhali sanitary-wamakhemikhali nezibulala-forensic wokucwaninga ngamakhemikhali. Sinenkosi umehluko othize. Esimweni sokuqala, ngokuba kokuhlaziywa yokuhlaziya esetshenziswa amazinga yokuhlanzeka yokutholwa. Ayakhululwa eMnyango. ucwaningo yenhlanzeko-chemical wenziwa ngendlela ebekwe isevisi epidemiological. Imodeli inqubo esetshenziswa abezindaba ezinemithelela izakhiwo imikhiqizo ukudla. nabo ukukhiqiza kabusha izimo ezisebenza isampula.

Forensic cwaningo chemical ihlose quantitatively ukuhlonza izidakamizwa, ezidakamizweni eziluthayo nasekuphileni ubuthi emzimbeni womuntu, imikhiqizo ukudla, amalungiselelo okwelapha. Ukuhlola lwenziwa isinqumo senkantolo.