Umthetho isizathu esizwakalayo. Material ngokuvumelana nala mazwi anengqondo umbiko

Umthetho esanele - umthetho wesine nezokugcina logic esisemthethweni. Ngokomlando, liphinde yakamuva, futhi akwenzekanga ngephutha. Ukuze uqhathanise, ungabona ukuthi umthetho ezintathu ezidlule owasungulwa Aristotle ngokuthi Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-4 BC.

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18, ngenxa ngokucacile yayo, lo mthetho lingazange lisetshenziswe ubuhlakani classical. Isizathu salokhu kubambezeleka iqiniso elingokomlando elandelayo.

Umthetho Paradigm okunengqondo laqanjwa Leibniz, kuyilapho ekuvimbeleni abanye AMANGA maqondana kakhulu logic.

Leibniz echazwe isidingo azokwenza izifundo maqondana wezibalo, okusho ubufakazi luyingxenye esisemthethweni, izitatimende theory. Nokho, wadlulisela imfuneko ngoba provability esisemthethweni lonke uhlobo, esingavika engavumelani.

I kuphikisa ka kakhulu kungenzeka ubufakazi ostensive, isb. E. Ubufakazi ngokusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho enokwehla, Leibniz ayisesemikhulu uhla nokusebenza komthetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthetho esanele iyona ukuboniswa langempela yokuthi zonke izinto emhlabeni kuyinto imbangela nemphumela, zonke izinto axhumene, lutho ubalekela benganakwa futhi ngeke ivele kwayona.

Kulesi incazelo yomthetho kwatholakala Democritus ngaphezulu 5-4 eminyaka BC. Lo mkhuba interrelation ephelele nokuncika komunye nomunye ngaphakathi ukuze izwe sabizwa ngokuthi "Determinism".

umthetho esanele ukuthi umcabango noma ukwahlulela ngokwawo futhi kuyiqiniso noma amanga. Ukuze babe ukugomela ithuba ngeqiniso noma emangeni, kumelwe sibe ekuchithweni kwayo ubufakazi azinabo ngesikhathi.

Ubufakazi obonwa inqubo ekhethekile, angasetshenziswa ukuze sithole ukuthi umqondo ngokoqobo.

Ngokwesibonelo, amazwi athi "Namuhla Sunny" angabhekwa ngempela kuyiqiniso, uma ukubheka ngefasitela futhi, othembela izinzwa, ukuqinisekisa ngokunemba ekwahlulelweni.

Nokho, la malungiselelo kukhona yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto akuzona oluphelele lwazo zonke ubufakazi.

Inqubo more xaka ukuze ithole iqiniso - ke kuwubufakazi lapho isikhalo izitho angeke uyezwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzakalo kakade okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule noma kuzothatha indawo lesitako.

Ukwahlulelwa sezulu libalele izwakale kulezi zimo, kanje: ". Kusasa kuyoba libalele" "Izolo libalele",

Esimweni sokuqala, ubufakazi obukhona, ngoba ungathembela inkumbulo yabo.

Esimeni sesibili, isahlulelo ngaphandle kobufakazi futhi azikwazi zingabi kweqiniso futhi yamanga. Ngokuqondene sezulu sakusasa kuphela, ngoba kucatshangwa kungenzeka. Ubufakazi kusekelwe okungenzeka, akuyona into eyisimanga.

Lapho sizama bathethelele falsity noma iqiniso kwemicabango nezahlulelo, kuzomele uqale zisebenze sokuhlola, nesilinganiso, ukuqapha, cwaningo - ie ukuqonda izinto izici zabo methodological.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma butholakala isipiliyoni yolwazi theory, okuyinto, ngenxa generality yayo kanye ubufakazi angabhekwa kweqiniso-ke ukuhlola ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi ukwahlulela kungaba, nalokho le mfundiso. umthetho esanele ubuhlakani hhayi kuphela sivumele kwakungenzeka lokhu, kodwa futhi ikuvumela ukuba aphathe ke njengoba izenzo ngemicondvo ezibalulekile. Kulokhu-ke kubalulekile ukuba silandele ubuhlobo esisemthethweni, ukuqondana ngefomu phakathi ukwahlulela kanye nobufakazi yayo theory.

Ngezizathu esisemthethweni Bangase bavume noma yimiphi imicabango nhlobo bahlobene, njengoba zonke ziye zavela. Nokho, isimiso esanele ayikuvumeli ukumisa okwamanje. Ukuhlonishwa zonke imicabango bangabohlobo ezivamile base ubufakazi akukuniki ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento yokuqinisekisa enokwehla futhi waqinisekisa noma ancishwe ukuthi basuke efakazelwe. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyiqiniso noma zingamanga.