I chemical izakhiwo aldehydes: ukusabela esibukweni esiliva

Aldehydes kukhona okunye ukusebenza hydrocarbon, lapho isakhiwo kukhona CO (carbonyl iqembu) iqembu. Ukuze aldehydes elula eziwubala ngokwesiko egcinwe (mlando) amagama, ikhiqizwa igama acid carboxylic, eziguqulelwa ku aldehydes ngu namachibi. Uma sikhuluma IUPAC ngesilwane esifuywayo, ngesisekelo ngokuthatha iketanga elide eliqukethe iqembu aldehyde. Ukuqala ababebalelwa hydrocarbon uchungechunge kukhiqizwa kusuka carbon athomu iqembu carbonyl (CO), okuyinto ngokwayo uthola inombolo isihloko 1. Ukuze main hydrocarbon uchungechunge sengezwe ekupheleni "al". Njengoba aldegidogruppa elise ekupheleni uchungechunge, lo inombolo 1, ngokuvamile ungabhali. Isomerism isomerism zezakhi samanje kungenxa lwamathambo hydrocarbon.

I aldehydes etholwe ngezindlela eziningana: inqubo OXO, alkynes hydration, namachibi futhi dehydrogenation ka alcohols. Ulungiselela aldehydes kusukela alcohols eyinhloko zidinga izimo ezikhethekile, kusukela elakhiwe organic compounds kalula oxidized ukuze carboxylic acid. Aldehydes kungabuye kuhlelwe umqondo ngu dehydrating le alcohols elihambisana ebukhoneni zethusi. Omunye izindlela ezinkulu ezimbonini ngokukhiqiza aldehydes kuyinto ukusabela zamagama OXO, ogxile ukusabela i alkene, C0 futhi H2 ebukhoneni yelikhono equkethe Co, at lokushisa 200 kanye nokucindezelwa 20 MPA. Lokhu ukuqhutshwa ukusabela liquid noma esigabeni igesi ngokuvumelana scheme: RCH = CH2 + C0 + H2 - RCH2CH2C0H + RCH (CH) 3C0H. Aldehydes ingalungiswa ngu hydrolysis digalogenoproizvodnyh hydrocarbon. Phakathi esikhundleni ukuzulazula kwama-athomu Halogen eqenjini OH we Lesisemkhatsini Kumiswa okuthiwa i-heme-diol, okuyinto engazinzile futhi bashintsha enkompolo carboxylic ne ukuqedwa H20.

Impahla amakhemikhali aldehydes - impendulo izinga kunesiliva. Phakathi namachibi le aldehydes eziguqulelwa carboxylic acid (isib S5N11SON + O - S5N11SOON). Kunoma ebhukwinitifundvo ozinikele ungathola ulwazi ngalokho isiliva esibukweni ukuphendula isetshenziselwa ukuhlonza aldehydes. Leli qembu organic compounds kungenziwa oxidized hhayi kuphela ngenxa yesenzo ekhethekile oxidizing ejenti, kodwa umane ngesikhatsi isitoreji ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya-mpilo. Ubulula ngawo aldehydes oxidised ukuze carboxylic acid sivunyelwa ukuba siqhubeke ukusabela qualitative (esiliva esibukweni ukuphendula) kulezi organic compounds, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba ngokushesha futhi ngokucacile ukuhlonza khona aldehyde isixazululo inikezwe.

Lapho ukufuthelana nge isixazululo ammoniacal esiliva oxide kuya aldehyde acid is oxidized. Uma lokhu kuyehla kube esiliva metallic futhi imali kwi izindonga tube njengoba ungqimba emnyama isicwebezelisi isici - esiliva esibukweni ukuphendula. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona izinto eziningi ezingenziwanga ezihlobene aldehydes, kodwa nayo futhi uyakwazi bengena ukuphendula ngenhla. Ukuhlonza lezi zakhi esetshenziswa ingenye ukuphendula qualitative ngoba aldehydes - zethusi esibukweni ukuphendula. Ngo ukusabela aldehydes nge Fehling reagent kokuba umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i isixazululo aqueous of hydroxide cupric, i alikhali futhi acid tartrate nosawoti) zethusi divalent kuyehla kube monovalent. uwela Ngakho kwenze abomvu ansundu of oxide cuprous.

Ngakho, kanjani Kwenziwa ukusabela esibukweni esiliva? Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi akukho lula ukuxoxa ngokwanele ebhodweni isixazululo ammoniacal ka esiliva nanoma yimiphi aldehydes (isib isixazululo glucose noma formaldehyde) kodwa lokhu ndlela ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi athweswe umqhele ukunqoba. Ngezinye izikhathi sibona kumiswa ukumiswa black zesiliva isixazululo, esikhundleni esibukweni enamathela phezu kwezindonga glassware. Siyini isizathu esiyinhloko ukwehluleka? Ngokuba 100% yi kubalulekile ukuba banamathele izimo ukuphendula, futhi ngokucophelela ukulungisela ebusweni ingilazi.