Isakhiwo Social: Izinto ngokuhlelwa komphakathi. Izakhi eyinhloko ngokuhlelwa komphakathi

Indlela ekutadisheni senhlalo kanye nezakhi zalo kufanele kube ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa ezithile ulwazi idatha. Ngakho, ngokwale ndlela, uBertrand Russell, ukutadisha ukwakheka into alwanele ngoba ulwazi yayo egcwele. Ngisho ne ukuhlaziywa egcwele isakhiwo sisebenzelana kuphela umlingisi izingxenye ngazinye iyonke kanye nesimo ubudlelwane phakathi kwazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, siye nakanjani sikhohlwe ubunjalo ubuhlobo into ngezinye izinto, akusiyo ingxenye oyiyo. Ngokuhlelwa komphakathi, izakhi ngokuhlelwa komphakathi - lezi zigaba akuzona sokugcina, amayunithi self-uvala sokusebenza. Kunalokho, ukusebenza kwabo umnyuziki kunqunywa ukuxhumana nabanye izakhiwo yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Umqondo isakhiwo ngomqondo obanzi izwi kusho ukudidiyelwa ndawonye kwezinqubo izingxenye ezisebenza engaphansi ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo obumba Sakhiwo sangekhatsi into.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, kwakhiwa isakhiwo komphakathi nge isiqalo nesigcino ngaphambilini of uxhumana, oxhumene yezenhlalakahle amaqembu, izikhungo kanye nobudlelwane therebetween, idivayisi umphakathi yangaphakathi (iqembu womphakathi). Ngakho, umphakathi liyisikhungo eziyisisekelo semantic belinganisa welithi "senhlalo".

Imisuka senhlalo kanye nesimo ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwabo

Isakhiwo into libhekene ukubunjwa izakhi, oda ilungiselelo yabo, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo nomunye. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo ungaba muhle, negative, futhi singathathi hlangothi. Esimweni sokuqala-ke umbuzo okwandisa izinga yenhlangano isakhiwo idatha ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi, eyesibili nokuncipha inhlangano yabo, wesithathu - uxhumano musa kuthinte ezingeni yenhlangano isakhiwo.

Izakhi eyinhloko isakhiwo yomphakathi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu:

• ngamunye;
• imiphakathi sakhe ngekwemiva netenhlalo;
• tikhungo tetenhlalo.

Imvelo begazi ngamunye

Man, kubhekwa njengento into eyodwa yemvelo, zezinto eziphilayo omele Homo sapiens, kuchazwa ngokuthi ngabanye.

BG Ananiev ikhomba amaqembu amabili izakhiwo agcwele ngabanye - zamabanga aphansi naphezulu.

izakhiwo Primary kusikisela ukuba khona:

• yobudala izici (elihambisana a yobudala ethile);
• dimorphism ngokocansi (ungubani ngokocansi);
• ngamunye izici ejwayelekile (izakhiwo neurodynamic zobuchopho, othize geometry nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa ama- cerebral, izici ngokomthethosisekelo).

Ithathwe ndawonye, izakhiwo eyinhloko ngabanye ukunquma impahla yayo yesibili:

• Dynamics imisebenzi psycho-bokuphila;
• organic izidingo isakhiwo.

Ngakho, kulesi simo-ke uyinto yemvelo yomuntu.

Imvelo zomphakathi yomuntu. Umqondo ubuntu

Kwezinye izimo, umqondo ngabanye isetshenziswa ukumela ke njengomuntu nomphakathi - kummeleli umphakathi wesintu. Ngakho empeleni yayo begazi nakho hhayi ngaphandle.

Noma kunjalo, lapho kubalulekile ukugcizelela yezenhlalakahle okushiwo indoda, umqondo ngabanye ngokuya indawo welithi "ubuntu". Personality uchaza isihloko nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana nomsebenzi bayazi. Ngamanye nekuhumusha lo mqondo lisetshenziswa ukuze libhekisele sezindawo uhlelo lomuntu oyedwa, kwakhiwa okuyinto kumsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokuxhumana.

Kukhona izincazelo eziningi aphathe nomqondo ubuntu neqembu elilodwa noma kwenye, kodwa kuzo zonke zazo kuyisihluthulelo yezenhlalakahle nezimfanelo zomuntu element isipika isakhiwo yomphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki kuleli cala, ubunjalo begazi muntu ayibalulekile kunalokho umphakathi - evusa impikiswano ezidinga ukucatshangelwa, ikhumbula imininingwane kanjani esimweni esithile.

Umqondo umphakathi nomphakathi

Lo mqondo iqoqo azinzile zabantu, izimpawu izimo kuqhathaniswa ezifanayo futhi zokuphila, kanye nezithakazelo.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko kwemiphakathi nomphakathi:

• izibalo;
• yangempela.

Esimweni sokuqala sikhuluma amaqembu okuzisholo, isetshenziswa njengophawu isigaba nomphakathi, in the wesibili - isebenze a ngempela emphakathini. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, umphakathi lwempela emphakathini kungaba 3 izinhlobo:

• mass;
• iqembu (amaqembu amancane / ezinkulu kwezenhlalo).

Ngokwesibonelo, ulwazi lokubhalisa, idatha yemininingwane olunikezwa abahlala efulethini elithile edolobheni elithile, bayisibonelo sabantu emphakathini kwezibalo zomphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sikhuluma izimo bokuba khona oyedwa noma kwesinye isigaba izakhamuzi eqinisweni, sikwazi ukukhuluma umphakathi lwempela emphakathini.

Ukuze umphakathi omkhulu kwezenhlalo wanquma attribute akumelanga exhumene nomunye abantu, kodwa munye ku isethi ethile ngesisekelo ezinye izici zokuziphatha.

Ukwahlukaniswa namaqembu omphakathi

Iqembu yezenhlalakahle wanquma attribute nesigcino uxhumana nomunye nabantu abanomuzwa wokuthi ubuhlobo babo futhi ziqondakala abanye njengoba umphakathi othize.

Iqembu imiphakathi nomphakathi zifaka phakathi kwamaqembu ezinkulu nezincane. Izibonelo ayengaphansi zimi kanje:

• imiphakathi yobuhlanga (kwamaqembu ezinhlanga, izizwe, izizwe, izinhlanga);
• Socio-yobuzwe (yobudala kanye ocansini izici);
• kwezenhlalo futhi indawo (ophilayo isikhathi eside endaweni efanayo kokuba ngendlela kuqhathaniswa ezifanayo ekuphileni maqondana nomunye);
• amakilasi social / izingqimba (kwezakhi) lenkampani (Imisebenzi ezivamile zenhlalo maqondana lo division yezenhlalakahle zomsebenzi, izici jikelele womphakathi).

Ukuhlukaniswa umphakathi kanye ekilasini imigqa kusekelwe umbandela we ubuhlobo ukuze ubunikazi iqembu izindlela zokukhiqiza, kanye nohlobo esabelweni izinzuzo. Amakilasi zihlukaniswa izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho nezingokwengqondo ezijayelekileko, ukubaluleka orientation, "Ikhodi" ezabo izindinganiso zokuziphatha.

Kusigaba kwezakhi (kwezakhi zenhlalo) Kwenziwa ngesisekelo izici zokuphila amalungu zokusebenza umphakathi. Kwezakhi kukhona Lesisemkhatsini (ushintsho) namaqembu omphakathi ziyehluka hhayi liphinyiselwe maqondana ngqo izindlela zokukhiqiza (ngokungafani kuya ekilasini).

amaqembu zamabanga aphansi naphezulu nomphakathi

Amaqembu eyinhloko social ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa labantu anda elincane labantu babe ukuxhumana ngqo nomunye, ngokuhambisana izici ngamunye abahlanganyeli inkhulumomphendvulwano. i-elementi Lezo senhlalo ngokuyinhloko umndeni. Futhi lapha zihlanganisa, amaqembu wezemidlalo, njll .. okungu ngaphakathi bands olunjalo ngokuvamile ngokwethukela, ngezinga elithile obuseduze. amaqembu Primary abe ukuhlobana kwabantu nasemphakathini, okuyinto ichaza ubuhlobo phakathi komphakathi.

Tincenye senhlalo, iqembu lesibili yezenhlalakahle zihlukaniswa semali, ngaphandle primary, futhi kulapho esisemthethweni, ukuxhumana engenabuntu phakathi abahlanganyeli. I kuqala kulawo maqembu bangamalungu kungenzeka leqembu ekufezeni imisebenzi ethile yomphakathi futhi kufezwe izinhloso efanele. Ngokuqondene izici ngazinye abahlanganyeli, basuke zigwenywe. Lawo maqembu zihlanganisa, isibonelo, izisebenzi zokusebenza.

izikhungo zomphakathi

Enye incenye lebalulekile isakhiwo yomphakathi uyilungiselelo nomphakathi. Ukuze lo mphakathi zihlanganisa ezinzile, amafomu ngokomlando athuthukile yenhlangano womsebenzi ahlangene ngabanye. Lokhu kungafaka, eqinisweni, lesakhiwo isimo, imfundo, umndeni, njll Umsebenzi yisiphi isikhungo nomphakathi -. Ukuqaliswa izidingo ezithile yomphakathi. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi lesi sidingo isiba zalutho Institute uyeke ukusebenza noma uhlala njengoba isiko. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet we-Russian e sikhungo zenkolo uye washintsha abalulekile, futhi cishe zaphela isebenze njengophawu isikhungo agcwele nomphakathi. Ngaleso sikhathi samanje, waphinde isimo sakhe ngokuphelele futhi isebenze ngokukhululekile, kanye nezinye izikhungo zenhlalakahle.

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo tikhungo tetenhlalo:

• inqubomgomo;
• kwezomnotho;
• imfundo;
• yenkolo;
• umndeni.

Zonke izikhungo zenhlalakahle njengoba tincenye isakhiwo yomphakathi kufanele amafilosofi abo, uhlelo lwemithetho neziqondiso, kanye uhlelo of social ukulawula ukuqaliswa mithetho.

Naphezu ezinye ukufana, isikhungo komphakathi kanye neqembu nomphakathi njengoba izakhi eziyisisekelo ngokuhlelwa komphakathi akuzona imiqondo ezifanayo, nakuba kungase ukuchaza emphakathini efanayo social zabantu. isikhungo Social okuhloswe ngaso ukwakheka uhlobo oluthile ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu ngezithukuthuku kwezinkambiso yesikhungo. Ukusebenzisa efanayo amazinga idatha ngabanye, esikhundleni salokho, yakha namaqembu omphakathi. Kulokhu, umsebenzi esikhungweni ngasinye yezenhlalakahle okuhloswe ngaso amaqembu amaningi etindzaweni letihlukene tekuhlalisana, sokunquma ukuziphatha ezifanele zezikhungo emphakathini.

Ngakho, ngokuhlelwa komphakathi, izakhi senhlalo kuchazwe kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi abaxhumene, kusukela ezingeni ngabanye ukuba namaqembu amakhulu nomphakathi. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa hhayi kuphela yobudlelwane nabanye engenabuntu, kodwa futhi isici lolungakahleleki amaqembu inkomba.