Biography Butlerova Aleksandra futhi ngegalelo lakhe isayensi

Biography Butlerova ngalo uyofunda kulesi sihloko, siphawula ukusungulwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali. Lokhu namuhla umbono uwukuthi ngesisekelo isayensi uhlobo zamakhemikhali.

Butlerova biography iqala 1828, lapho isigodi esincane Butlerovke elise Awukude Kazan, wazalwa u-Alexander. Lo mcimbi senzeka negama likayise.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: ebuntwaneni

Alexander akazange awukhumbule kunina eshona izinsuku 11 emva kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe. Uyise wayengumGreki indoda ethile efundile, futhi usosayensi esizayo wafuna ababemzungezile like. Ekuqaleni, lo mfana waya esikoleni ofunda uhlala kuso, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukufunda ngesikhathi Okokuqala Kazan sokuzivocavoca. Kulesi sikole bangabafundisi abanolwazi kakhulu abaphuma ukukhiqiza isithakazelo yizikhonzi zabo. Alexander yokufunda kwaba lula, ikakhulukazi bakhangwa isayensi yakhe.

Amakilasi e-University of Kazan, ukuthuthela Kazan

Ngokuphambene isicelo sikayise, ngemva kokuqeda esikoleni esiphakeme, u-Alexander wanquma ukuba abe umfundi yomnyango natural sciences wase-University of Kazan. Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1845-m, wabe esengeniswa onyakeni wokuqala. Ngalesi sikhathi, umfana engu-17 ubudala.

Biography Butlerova ezilotshwe 1846 umcimbi ezingemnandi - wagula ne-typhus. Man ngasinda ngokuyisimangaliso, kodwa ubaba, owayeyimenenja wawusungenwe ngakuye, wafa. Butlerof ekwindla wathuthela nomamekazi wakhe Kazan. Eyunivesithi etadisha ngenkuthalo, kodwa ngokushesha waqaphela ukuthi iningi zonke ayithandayo Izinkulumo kwamakhemikhali. It akazange ukwanelisa izinkulumo uSolwazi Claus, ngakho waqala ukuya emakilasini, okwaholela Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. ababukele Kugcine ngesikhathi umsebenzi laboratory Alexander waphawula ukuthi onekhono.

Ukuvikelwa umsebenzi ikhandidethi

Ukuze degree yenkosi Alexander wathweswa iziqu enyuvesi ukuhambisa mqondo. Zinin sikhathi waya Petersburg kusukela Kazan. Ngakho-ke, u-Alexander kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso ngesayensi yemvelo. Walungisa ngomsebenzi wakhe PhD eyayinesihloko esithi "Butterflies of nezilwane iVolga-Ural". Kodwa emva kwesikhashana izimo yokuthi Butlerof namanje wabuya emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Sebenza University of Kazan

Ngemva ukuzuza iziqu, u-Alexander bekasebenza at Kazan University. Klaus, kuphela uprofesa wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, ayikwazanga ngokwayo afeze yonke imisebenzi futhi kwadingeka ukuba umsizi eyaba ngu-Alexander. Butlerof ekwindla ka 1850 kudlule izivivinyo futhi waba inkosi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngokushesha waqala abasebenza ocwaningeni yakhe zobudokotela ze-isihloko amafutha abalulekile. Butlerov bavikela umsebenzi ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo. Kanye nokulungiselela izinkulumo Alexander sizibandakanye balifundisise umlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Butlerof nerd

Biography Butlerova nesithakazelo hhayi kuphela bamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi zezitshalo. Alexander olwenziwa ucwaningo in zokugcina yabo eyayizungeze e Butlerovke e Kazan. Futhi wabhala izihloko ku floriculture, ukulima kanye nezolimo Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Izithombe lesikhumbuzo Alexander, elise Kazan, eduze inyuvesi, lapha ngenzansi.

Iziqu, uhambo oluya ezweni elikude, iminikelo emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali

Butlerof Juni 4, 1854 wathola iziqu ze-doctorate zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngemva nje kwalokho, wamiswa Uprofesa oyibamba yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali e lwakhe lwendabuko Kazan University. Butlerof ekuqaleni 1857 esevele engumshumayeli Uprofesa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ehlobo, wathola imvume ukuya kwelinye izwe.

Ngo Berlin Alexander kufika ku-ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile waphinde uhambo ngokusebenzisa eJalimane, e-Italy, eSwitzerland nase France. YaseParis kwakuwumkhankaso injongo oyinhloko uhambo. Ngaleso sikhathi kwaba maphakathi nezwe isifundo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Butlerova ukhangwa kakhulu ukuhlangana no-Adolf Wurtz. Esegunjini, wasebenza izinyanga ezingu-2 Aleksandr Butlerov. Chemist, yena waqala ukuhlola kwabo lapha. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ukucwaninga kwaso ayithelanga nolibo. Phakathi neminyaka engu-20 ezayo, wavula inqwaba ukusabela kanye izinto Alexander Butlerov. Umnikelo emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yayo bekulokhu omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baqhuba syntheses eyisibonelo ethylene futhi ethanol, alcohols ephakeme, dinzobutilena, trioxymethylene, hexamine ngaso umsuka eziningi izimboni. Sinenkosi kumqhubezela ku ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Njengoba ubona, eziningi isayensi umkhakha wenza Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Ukuphumelelisa kunzima overestimate. Manje tshela ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela okudalwe yilo wemithi.

ithiyori Butlerova

Butlerof hydrocarbon ukutadisha, ngabona ukuthi esihlukile amakhemikhali. Usosayensi ngokuhlaziya izakhiwo zabo futhi isakhiwo, waphawula umthetho esiqinile, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo zamakhemikhali, adalwe kuye.

Butlerova umbiko we Paris Academy of Sciences, kwamukelwa isithakazelo. Waqala eshubile. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, phakathi uhambo 2nd phesheya, u-Alexander ethulwa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Wanikeza inkulumo 36 Congress of odokotela nososayensi ngo Speyer, owawuse-September 1861 Butlerov ufunde umbiko wakhe "Okuthile mayelana isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali zemizimba." Usosayensi owethulwa izilaleli edala theory entsha isakhiwo organic compounds. Wathi kuyiatom ukuthi kuyingxenye umzimba ngqo ahileleke lasungulwa nezenzo amabutho okuhloswe ngaso athomu nxazonke. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu ukuchayeka ama-athomu bophezela molecule zilwane zamakhemikhali. Wabiza isakhiwo amakhemikhali ukusebenza ukusatshalaliswa la mandla, okuholela elihlangana ukuzulazula kwama-athomu. Ngakho, izinhlayiya esiyinhlanganisela ube chemical ngesisekelo okuyinto incike uhlobo izingxenye, umthethosisekelo yabo zamakhemikhali kanye nobungako.

Phawula ukuthi ngaphambi Butlerova elalihlanganyela izincwadi, inkulumo ethi "isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali". Nokho, isazi sesayensi waqala uhlaziye ukusetshenziswa kwalo ukuchaza umqondo omusha. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo kumakhemikhali ngesisekelo wonke amagatsha zokwenziwa-chemistry yesimanje.

Ukuthola trimethyl carbinol

Unyaka abajabule kakhulu ekuphileni angabhekwa Butlerova 1863rd wayelandela acetyl chloride dimethylzinc, usosayensi okokuqala emlandweni lithole ephakeme butyl utshwala, eyaziwa nangokuthi trimethyl. Esikhathini izincwadi, ngemva kwalokho kwabikwa synthesis butyl alcohols, zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. Isobutyl utshwala iye aziwa ososayensi kusukela 1852. Kwase kuqala behlukene amafutha zemifino. Manje, umbuzo kungaba mayelana kwanoma yikuphi ukuphikisana, ngoba kwakungekho 4 butyl utshwala, ngalinye elikwazi khona isomer. Kwaba ukunqoba kwangempela imfundiso kwesakhiwo.

ithiyori tautomerism

Ukuze kwesikhathi kusuka 1862 kuya 1865 siphathelene isikhundla eyisisekelo uzwakalise Butlerov theory entsha manje esethola isomerization tautomerism. Umbhali wayo wacabanga ukuthi lo mshini cleavage likuthola sakhiwo lesifanako lwama-molecule uhlanganise nabo izinsalela kumiswa molecule entsha nge isakhiwo ezahlukene. Usosayensi yakhuluma ngesidingo ukusebenzisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali indlela ashukumisayo. Ngamanye amazwi, kufanele kubhekwe njengento zilingana. ukuthembeka-Alexander njengoba ocatshangelwayo kumbhali tautomerism abonakale ngisho nakubangane uPetru Laar, wemithi isiJalimane, owaqamba igama elithi "tautomerism".

Okokufundisa Chemistry

Manje Butlerova umsebenzi kwaba ukusebenzisa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe kwesakhiwo has maqondana zonke compounds nezimpendulo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic, kanye ukudala ncwadi entsha kwemithi organic. Ngo ebhukwinitifundvo zonke izenzakalo kufanele kubhekwe ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela azidalile. Cishe 2 iminyaka Butlerov abasebenze indalo yayo. ukukhishwa ezintathu (esikhathini kusuka 1864 kuya 1866), incwadi ka-Alexander M. "Isingeniso ukuqhutshelwa isifundo ephelele yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic." Kuyinto kude ngaphezu kwanoma yini eyaziwa ngesikhathi izincwadi. umsebenzi Butlerova oye wabangela izinguquko isayensi. Kakade 1867 saqala ukulungiselela ihumusha futhi inyathelisa yale ncwadi ngesiJalimane. Kwakukhona izinguqulo ngezinye izilimi amakhulu eYurophu.

Makalale Butlerovke umsebenzi ngesikhathi Petersburg University

Ngemva kokuphothula umsebenzi incwadi kaningi wayesesangweni impahla yakhe Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Umndeni wakhe izikhathi ezimbalwa ngesonto, uze lapha. Indodana encane, Volodya, oneminyaka engu-2 ubudala, wayethanda ukudlala ku edlelweni, etholakala eduze nendlu. Ngangikuthanda ukuba baphumule lapha Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo kuye zihlanganisa uthando imbali kulinywe kanye ukudalwa amaqoqo izinambuzane.

Nokho, manje Butlerov is isikhathi esisichitha lab, walandela ezitholwe ososayensi. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo Mendeleev, usokhemisi odumile, entwasahlobo ka-1868, u-Alexander wabizwa ukuba azosebenza ngaso Petersburg University. Lapha eqala abathethise, kanye ihlelwe yayo chemical laboratory. Ososayensi baye wadala indlela entsha yokufundisa. Wasikisela laboratory umkhuba, manje yokutholwa kabanzi. Abafundi ekilasini ukufunda imishini zamakhemikhali.

Ukuthola isobutylene

Butlerof baqhubeka nocwaningo ukuthi bahlakulele theory kwesakhiwo. Wayefuna ukuveza ukuthi uqonde futhi branched carbon uchungechunge ungaba zonke izinhlobo organic compounds. Lokhu kucatshangwa ubangelwa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Nokho, kwaba kusadingekile ukuba kufakazelwe practice. Ekugcineni, imizamo ka-Alexander akuphumelelanga. Wathola umyalezo isobutylene eside elindelwe. Ngakho, khona branched-chain hydrocarbon sifakazelwe.

Ukuzibandakanya ukuzwana nabantu Petersburg

Butlerov, ngaphezu cwaninga imisebenzi, ezizibandakanyile empilweni social yenhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. umphakathi Progressive wesikhathi ukhathazekile ikakhulukazi mayelana indaba yemfundo zabesifazane. Kwakudingekile ukuba abesifazane babe kufinyeleleka emfundvweni lephakeme. Ukuze wenze lokhu, Academy yezokwelapha futhi kuhlinzwa yasungulwa University yabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ayehlelwe Bestuzhev izifundo zabesifazane, lapho u-Alexander wanikeza izinkulumo wabonisa nesimiso sakhe ku-chemistry.

Ubulungu e-Academy of Sciences

Imisebenzi le usosayensi waklonyeliswa by Academy of Sciences. Butlerov wakhethwa ngo-1871 academician okungavamile, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engu-3 - futhi abavamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, wayethole efulethini esakhiweni okungewakho sokuqeqesha. Lapha ayephila futhi Zinin UNikolai Nikolaevich. Osekukade ubungane naye uye nakakhulu yokusondelana.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Life kanye umsebenzi Aleksandra Butlerova kuze eminyakeni yamuva nje siye zihlotshaniswa isayensi. Kodwa iminyaka ihamba futhi ikilasi abafundi yaba nzima kakhulu Butlerova. Usosayensi watimisela kuya eyunivesithi. Wafunda inkulumo yokuvalelisa 4 Apreli 1880 Lesi sinqumo wahlangana wadumala. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umkhandlu yesayensi ebuzwa ukuhlala kuka-Alexander ezaziwayo. Wakhethwa eminye iminyaka 5.

Butlerov ukuze kukhawulwe imisebenzi ye-nyuvesi. Walifunda inkambo main kuphela, futhi izikhathi ezimbalwa ngesonto ayichitha sessions lab. 5 Agasti, 1886 wabulawa occlusions semithambo Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Izithombe Chapel ku ethuneni Butlerova ethulwa ngenhla.