Ososayensi edume kakhulu emhlabeni neRussia. Ngubani isazi sesayensi esidumile kakhulu emhlabeni?

Biography zonke usosayensi ukuze uqonde kangcono indlela yakhe impumelelo enkulu futhi sibheke amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Ukuze unombono ngendlela isayensi yenzani, kubalulekile ngempela ukukufunda ngokuningiliziwe okungenani izindaba ezimbalwa izibalo zayo ehamba phambili.

Eliphawuleka kakhulu izibalo

Esimweni ngasinye kulezi zindawo kufanele sinake ososayensi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho, udokotela umhlabeleli British kwaba Fleming. Umsunguli ebaluleke kakhulu Russia - Popov. Leonardo da Vinci, njengoba Renaissance indoda kweqiniso, yabonisa ezihlukahlukene wamathalenta. Pascal, Tesla nabanye - the zezibalo engcono yemvelo, ogama iminikelo kungabonwa empilweni yesimanje. Omunye wabo - isazi sesayensi esidumile kakhulu? Wonke umuntu ufanelwe ukuqashelwa ngokulinganayo.

U-Alexander Fleming

Umsunguli esizayo penicillin wazalwa ngo-August 1881, edolobheni elincane Scottish ka Lochfilde. Ukuthola imfundo yesibili, waya eLondon futhi waba umfundi eRoyal Polytechnic Institute. On iseluleko se-physics professional nomfowabo Toma Aleksandr anquma ukukwenza isayensi 1903 wayosebenza esibhedlela of St Mary waqala umkhuba bokuhlinzwa. Ngemva kwempi, lapho ayebone nokufa kwezixuku zabantu, uFleming yanquma ukuthola umuthi kungaba ukwazi ukubhekana nezifo. ososayensi Famous baseBrithani baye basebenza ngalolu daba, kodwa akekho oye wakwazi ukufeza nemiphumela ephawulekayo. Into kuphela ukuthi iye yasungulwa - isinqandakuvunda, encishisiwe kuphela imisebenzi okuvikela umzimba. Fleming kwafakazela ukuthi lokhu kwelashwa asifanele ekwelapheni amanxeba ajulile. Ngu-1928 waqala ukutadisha amagciwane staph kusukela emndenini. Ngolunye usuku, sengibuyile iholide, uFleming kutholwe amakoloni etafuleni fungal okushayile nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi. Usosayensi wanquma ukhule isikhunta ngefomu okumsulwa futhi wahlukaniswa penicillin akuzange kusize wakhe. Kuze forties yena phelelisa ifomu yakhe futhi kungakabiphi kwaba production ezinkulu futhi senziwe izibhedlela. Ngo-1944, kanye uzakwabo Flory Uthole knighthood. Amagama ososayensi adumile wafika iKomiti kaNobel, futhi kakade 1945 bamukela umklomelo emkhakheni wezokwelapha. I-Royal College of Physicians Fleming wenziwe ilungu zokuhlonipha. Akubona bonke ososayensi baseBrithani eyaziwa kungaba ukuziqhayisa impumelelo enjalo. Fleming - i ikhono elimangalisayo futhi indoda uyakufanelekela Ukukhuluma kunoma iyiphi uhlu odokotela best emhlabeni.

Gregor Mendel

ososayensi abaningi abadumile ungazange athola imfundo obuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, Gregor Mendel wazalwa ngo-July 1882 emkhayeni abalimi elula abaqeqeshiwe e-Theological Institute. Konke yabo ngokujulile ulwazi mayelana biology of usezuze yayo. Ngokushesha waqala ukufundisa, futhi waya e-University of Vienna, lapho laqala ukwenza izitshalo hybrid. Ngokuhlolwa eziningi ku uphizi wanika imfundiso yokuziphendukela imithetho ifa. Amagama ososayensi adumile ngokuvamile ashaywa ngezenzo zabo, futhi Mendel kwaba okufanayo. Gregor akanandaba imisebenzi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, ngakho wawushiya phansi umsebenzi endaweni yokucwaninga wazala wesigodlo we sezindela. Imvelo mbuso ka ezitholwe zakhe kanye nencazelo yabo ezijulile kucaca kuphela ososayensi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngemva kokufa Gregor Mendel. Famous ososayensi Russian futhi izwe zisebenzisa lokho ayekucabanga manje. izimiso Mendel sika cwaningo lokwentekako ezingeni lekucala ezikoleni.

ULeonardo da Vinci

ososayensi ambalwa owaziwa njengoba othandwayo Leonardo. Kodwa yena wayengekho kuphela physics ezivelele, kodwa futhi umdali, imidwebo yakhe kanye eziqoshiwe obathandayo abantu emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukuphila kwakhe imbala sasikhuthaza ngoba imisebenzi: ke - umuntu ezithakazelisayo ngempela futhi engaqondakali. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke Renaissance wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 1452. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, Leonardo wayenesithakazelo imidwebo, izakhiwo kanye ebaziwe. It ayevelele ngolwazi umxhwele ngesayensi yemvelo, i-physics kanye mathematics. Abaningi imisebenzi yakhe iye esikalini kuphela kwaphela ikhulu leminyaka, nabantu bangesikhathi ngokuvamile bamshaya indiva kubo. Leonardo asithandayo umbono ndiza, kodwa ukuhumusha imisebenzi wehluleka phrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uye wafunda eziningi imithetho uketshezi hydraulics. Famous Ososayensi akuvamile adumile nokuthi abaculi. Leonardo kuyinto umculi omkhulu, umbhali odumile "Mona Lisa" kanye imidwebo "I ukuthiwa iSidlo Sokugcina." Wahlala bamlandele kwemibhalo eminingi yesandla. ososayensi abaningi bakwamanye amazwe nabadumile Russian kahle namanje isikhathi yokusebenza da Vinci yawudala kuze 1519 lapho efa kanti eFrance.

Blez Paskal

Usosayensi French wazalwa ngo-June 1623 ngo Clermont-Ferrand, emndenini ukuthi umahluleli wayekhipha. uyise Pascal bekwaziwa ngenxa yothando lwakhe ngesayensi. Ngo-1631 umkhaya wathuthela esijana eParis, lapho Blaise wabhala iphepha lakhe lokuqala mayelana umsindo emizimbeni isixwayisi - ke kwenzeka lapho eneminyaka engu-11 kuphela ubudala. ososayensi ambalwa owaziwa abavela eRussia nase-izwe ngiziqhayise yimpumelelo ekuseni kangaka! Blaise wamangaza abantu ikhono lakhe zezibalo, wakwazi ukuveza ukuthi isamba engeli unxantathu ilingana engeli amabili kwesokudla. Eneminyaka engu-16, wabhala indatshana phezu iheksagoni alotshiwe umbuthano. On isisekelo yayo kamuva owaziwa theorem Pascal sika ezothuthukiswa. Ngo 1642, Blaise uye wazakhela mechanical Kubalwa emshinini akwazi ukufeza imisebenzi kokuhlanganisa nokukhupha. Namkha kunjalo, njengawo nabanye ososayensi abaningi abadumile abakutholile, Blaise futhi "Pascaline" yakhe ungazange makwaziwe kahle kakhulu phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Kuze kube manje, ukuhlukahluka yakhe on isihloko imishini Computing zigcinwa iminyuziyamu esingcono kakhulu eYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnikelo oyigugu Pascal kwezesayensi - izibalo kwakhona ososayensi yesimanje.

Alexander Popov

Ososayensi abaningi abadumile Russian sewenze okusunguliwe, manje esetshenziswa ngumhlaba wonke. Lezi ukukhathazeka futhi Alexander Popov, ungumdali umsakazo, owazalelwa edolobhaneni Ural e umpristi emndenini. imfundo Okokuqala ezikutholile kwaba esikoleni zenkolo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho langena sabefundisi. Ukuya University of Petersburg, Popov wayebhekene izinkinga zezimali, ngakho ngo parallel izifundo ayenakho ukusebenza. U-Alexander waba nesithakazelo physics waqala ukufundisa kuyo Kronstadt. Kusukela 1901 wakhonza njengombonisi uprofesa Electrical Engineering Institute Petersburg, futhi kamuva waba li bayo. Wozawoza ukuphila kwakhe kuhlala ezisunguliwe futhi ucwaningo. Watadisha amagagasi kagesi. Ngo-1895 wathi khona umsakazo womphakathi. Kusukela 1897 yena wayesebenza ku ngcono yayo. Popov Assistants Rybkin futhi zintathu waqinisekisa kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ke ukutholwa ngesikhathi isignali ukuzwa. Popov wenza nokulungiswa okokugcina, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudala idivayisi, okuyinto manje cishe kuyo yonke imizi.

Nikola Tesla

Lokhu usosayensi owazalelwa e-Austria-Hungary. Thanda Popov, Tesla wayeyindodana umpristi. Ngo-1870 wathola iziqu esikoleni esiphakeme futhi babhaliswa ekolishi, lapho waba nesithakazelo Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka. Eminyakeni embalwa wasebenza njengomfundisi esikoleni esiphakeme, wabe eseya e-University of ePrague. Ngo parallel, Nicola wasebenza enkampanini yocingo, bese - Edison. Kuyo yonke iminyaka ama ukuqeqeshwa wazama ukuqamba i motor ngogesi eyehlayo on kushintshana zamanje. Wathuthela e-US, lapho afike achitha khona umsebenzi yimpumelelo yokuthuthukisa imoto, adalwe Edison. Nokho, Tesla ayitholanga imali ukuthi, bese uyeke futhi waqala yakhe yokucwaninga siqu e-New York. Ngu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili UNikolai, kakade patent eziningana - wasungula imvamisa imitha nogesi imitha. Ngo-1915 yena uqokelwe uMklomelo KaNobel. Mina lalihlala ukusebenza futhi wenze umnikelo obalulekile isayensi, washona ngo-1943 ngemva kwengozi - Tesla ushayiswe yimoto kanye nezimbambo eziphukile kwaholela inyumoniya futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi.

Friedrich Schiller

Njengoba wonke umuntu uyazi, ososayensi abaziwayo kungaba hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wesayensi ngqo. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu lena Friedrich Schiller - mlando nesazi sefilosofi owenze eziningi ezindaweni zabo elwati wenza banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ifa etemibhalo. Yazalwa ngo-1759 e njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, kodwa 1763 wathutha nomkhaya wakhe bathuthela eJalimane. Ngo-1766 yena wayengemuva zaseLudwigsburg, lapho ephothula Faculty of Medicine. Schiller waqala ukwenza ngaphezulu inqubo yokufunda, kanye ngo-1781 idrama zayo zokuqala wadedelwa futhi wathola ukuhlonishwa okunjalo ukuba ngonyaka olandelayo okuhleliwe ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Le piece namanje njengelinye lamazwe Awama-Melodrama kuqala futhi uspehnyh kakhulu eYurophu. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, Schiller wasebenza, ukuhumusha kudlala kwezinye izilimi, futhi uye wafundisa neyasemayunivesithi yomlando nefilosofi.

Abrahama Maslow

Abrahama Maslow - kuwubufakazi bokuthi ososayensi abaziwayo akuzona kuphela zezibalo zesayensi. inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela self-actualization uyazi konke. Maslow wazalwa ngo-1908 e-New York. Abazali bakhe budlale balulazeke ngazo zonke izindlela naye, futhi imvelaphi yakhe wamaJuda wawuqhele isizathu Antics antisemitsskih kontanga. It ithuthukiswe ngendlela encane Abrahams bebancane eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yalokho ayecashe umtapo futhi wachitha izinsuku zakhe izincwadi. Kamuva, waqala kancane kancane bazinza ukuphila - lokuqala esikoleni esiphakeme, iqhaza amaqembu ahlukahlukene, bese-Faculty of Psychology, lapho amukelwa khona ngo-1931 iziqu zeMasters. Ngo-1937, Maslow waba ilungu ikhono ekolishi eBrooklyn, lapho ayesebenza cishe konke ukuphila kwakhe. Lapho kuqala impi, Maslow uye wafakazela langakufanelekela inkonzo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wafunda okuningi kulesi sehlakalo olunegazi - saba nomthelela nocwaningo lwakhe emkhakheni wezokusebenza kwengqondo zezenhlalakahle. Ngo-1943 Maslow athuthukile bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe edumile nogqozi lomuntu, athi kuyo ukuthi umuntu ngamunye iphiramidi izidingo ezidinga ukwaneliseka ukuzithiba actualization. Ngo-1954 wanyathelisa incwadi "Motivation and Personality", lapho imininingwane enkulu wachaza umbono wakhe futhi ithuthukiswe ke.

U-Albert Einstein

Noma nini lapho kuxoxwa on isihloko "ososayensi ezidumile abakutholile" kuqedile ngaphandle ukuphathwa Alberta Eynshteyna, le-physics ubuhlakani ngubani at umsuka ukukhulelwa yesimanje kwale sayensi. Einstein wazalelwa eJalimane ngo-1879, ubelokhu ekhona umfana onesizotha futhi ethule, akazange ame phandle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izingane. Kwakungenxa kuphela lapho wathumba Kant, Einstein wathola ithalente lakhe for isayensi. Lokhu kwamsiza ukuba iphothule esikoleni ngempumelelo esikoleni esiphakeme, futhi ke Polytechnic of Zurich eSwitzerland, lapho wathutha. Emuva ngo ekolishi, waqala ngokubhala izihloko ezehlukene kanye nezinye imisebenzi, ukuze afeze ucwaningo. Yiqiniso, ekugcineni okwaholela uchungechunge nokwatholakala ukuthi zaziwa emhlabeni wonke - imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto, umphumela Photoelectric, ezinyakazayo Brownian , nokunye. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, u-Einstein azithola wathuthela e-United States, bafike bahlala khona ukusebenza e-Princeton futhi wazibekela umgomo - ukusebenza kuyinkolelo-mbono esihlanganisiwe wensimu okudonsa-kagesi.

Andre-Marie Ampere

ososayensi abaziwayo emhlabeni abaye basebenza emkhakheni physics, azigcini ngu Einstein. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Andre-Marie Ampere wazalwa ngo 1775 e-France. Uyise akazange ufuna indodana yakhe wayeneminyaka eyodwa, ngakho wafundisa yena, futhi wasiza le ncwadi. Ampere waba ngokoqobo wakhulela ngemisebenzi Rousseau, okuyinto abathintekayo emsebenzini wakhe kamuva. Ngemva Revolution nokufa Amper uyise ashade futhi ubuyela evamile. Uyaqhubeka ukufundisa futhi waba uthisha wezibalo kanye ne-chemistry kwelinye izikole 1802. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, esingatha ucwaningo ku bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe edumile ecatshangelwayo, ngoba lelo ku Paris Academy futhi wabhala omunye imisebenzi yakhe kunazo baqaphela - ". Imfundiso nezibalo imidlalo" Ngo 1809 Amps uthola isihloko Uprofesa, futhi 1814 yaba ilungu le-Academy of Sciences. Ngemva kwalokho wathuthela cwaninga emkhakheni electrodynamics, futhi 1826 wadala umsebenzi yakhe edume kunazo zonke - ". Emfushane Scientific inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela zezibalo imihlola electrodynamic"