Ezinyakazayo Brownian: i Uhlolojikelele.

Okwakuhlalwa kuzo lapho kusaqalwa yentuthuko inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izinhlelo colloidal, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izakhiwo yamangqamuzana kinetic ahlukile izixazululo kweqiniso. Tifundvo letinyenti tesikhatsi lesidze labonisa ukuthi lezi izindawo esivela kanye nezixazululo colloidal. Litholakala ukuthi phakathi kwazo kukhona mehluko qualitative, futhi kukhona kuphela ambalwa, ezincike ikakhulu isayizi shape izinhlayiya Colloid (micelles). Ngakho-ke, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo ukunyakaza Brownian ngalo mqondo kwakubaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokokuqala ngqá (e 1827), ezinyakazayo Brownian wahlolwa le sezitshalo IsiZulu Robert Brown. Labuka ultramicroscope izitshalo impova, imiswe iconsi lamanzi, usosayensi wathola ukuthi izinhlayiya ezincane impova irregularly (ngezikhathi) futhi ngokuqhubekayo wathutha. ezinyakazayo Brownian - ngokunyakaza ngokungafanele, kunezinxushunxushu noma amazombe ka microparticles. Ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene batholé ukuthi ukunyakaza okungahleliwe zishintshe kubangelwa ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana, izinga lokushisa futhi viscosity medium ukuhlakazwa. Kulokhu, ubunjalo ketshezi has cishe akunamthelela ukunyakaza kwabo.

ezinyakazayo Brownian futhi imfundiso yesimanje yamangqamuzana-kinetic uketshezi

Frankel wasikisela ukuthi ukufuduka elilodwa-molecule rearrangement eseduze, ngalinye elikwazi ivame ukuba luthathe indawo yayo yasekuqaleni, okuyinto kusiza kakhulu ngokuya amandla.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukunyakaza enokhahlo futhi okuqhubekayo yenqubo self-okusheshayo zishintshe kwenzeka. Oncibilikiswe microparticles okusamanzi (ukuhlakazwa isigaba) enze ukunyakaza cishe iyafana engqamuzaneni kuphela (ukuhlakazwa naphakathi). Ngenxa okuqhubekayo ezinyakazayo kunezinxushunxushu they nyakazo ngenkuthalo futhi musa ukuhlala nomaphi.

ezinyakazayo Brownian izinhlayiya kanye ukumiswa colloidal kwenzeka ngenxa ezinyakazayo ezishisayo of medium ezizungezile izinhlayiya futhi amabhithi yabo kunezinxushunxushu zale molecule. Ngenxa yalokho ukuhlaselwa microparticles nemiyalezo ezihambayo emkhathini (ukuhlakaza naphakathi). Lezi izimo zibangelwa ukushaqeka isenzo isikhathi esithize cwaningo (owodwa-molecule ethize sesibili singasenza ibhekane kuze kube imivimbo 1020). Sikhishwe yokuthi ubukhulu elincane engqamuzaneni kukhona amanani angalingani punches ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, they qhubeka bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Nge ububanzi micrometres angaphezulu kwayisihlanu microparticles ezinyakazayo Brownian is cishe ningagcini. Ukwandisa usayizi isisindo yamangqamuzana ukushaqeka kwabo ubamba. Ngakho, izinhlayiya nge isisindo yamangqamuzana okusezingeni eliphezulu (kufika ku-micrometer ayisihlanu) enze vibration ukujikeleza kuphela.

ezinyakazayo Brownian futhi okusheshayo

Ngenxa yalokho we ezinyakazayo Brownian futhi ezishisayo zishintshe kwenzeka ukuqondanisa okuhlushwa kulo ivolumu isixazululo. Diffusion kungathatha indawo izixazululo colloidal yangempela.

Ingcindezi osmotic kubangelwa khona micelles. Ngenxa yobukhulu enkulu yezinhlayiya nokucindezelwa ezincane lokuhlala zabo liphansi kakhulu. Yiqiniso, ingcindezi engxenyeni yesixazululo analyte colloidal kakhulu zincike khona ukungcola ka electrolyte ahlukahlukene. Ngakho, izixazululo macromolecular - polysaccharides, iraba, amaprotheni - at 10-12 amaphesenti lokuhlushwa abe ingcindezi enkulu osmotic. Ngenxa amadivaysi ekhethekile (osmometry) wayezimisele ingcindezi osmotic of plasma, okuyinto ngokwesilinganiso cishe u 25 mm HG. It is wafakazela ukuthi ingcindezi ngqo wakhona lokuhlushwa izinto ziyoncibilika izixazululo colloidal noma kweqiniso.