Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi iningi electrolysis

Ekuqaleni kwawo-le-18 nele Ngekhulu le-19 kwenziwa okutholakele eziningana eyaba Umfutho lokuzalwa kwesayensi entsha - electrochemistry. Futhi abasunguli kwale sayensi babe ososayensi ababili. Kuyinto physiologist Italian Luigi Galvani futhi A. Volta le-physics isiNgisi, okwathi ngo 1799 wadala chemical umthombo wokuqala lwamanje - "Voltaic inqwaba". Yilokho ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi lapho i kagesi badabula i isixazululo aqueous kwanoma iyiphi usawoti kule isixazululo chemical kugucuka zenzeka, manje okuthiwa electrolyte. Electrolysis ngokwawo isethi eyinkimbinkimbi izinqubo ezahlukene. Lokhu kumikiswa (ion ezimbi zivame anode kanye cathode akhayo), kanye nokuhanjiswa ion. Lokhu ukusabela futhi ahlukahlukene electrochemical namakhemikhali ezenzeka phakathi kwabo imikhiqizo ye-electrolysis, phakathi mikhiqizo kanye electrolyte, kanye electrode therebetween.

Ukuhlola okwenziwa maqondana nalaba izinqubo liyinani yesayensi akukhona nje kuphela. Ngokoqobo ka-electrolysis kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-hydrogen okumsulwa, i-sodium noma nickel ingatholakala kuphela ngale ndlela. Futhi kule mboni izinqubo electrolytic asetshenziselwa kuhambisane netinhloso. Ngosizo lwabo okulungiselelwe izinto wezinto ezingaphili, njengomoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen, alikhali, chlorine nabanye abangewona izinsimbi. Futhi, electrolysis asetshenziselwe ukuhlanza of izinsimbi ezithile (isiliva, ithusi). Enye izinqubo electrolytic yakha isendlalelo sokobana ukukhiqizwa lithium, i-potassium, i-sodium, zinc, magnesium nezinye izinsimbi nensimbi Alloys.

Ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa electrolysis ubuciko - liphinde ukulungiselela izinto eziningi eziphilayo, ezinengilazi futhi Electroplating ekwelapheni metal evele (, boriding, impatho electropolishing futhi nitration). Kukhona electrophoresis, electrodialysis, Electroplating nezinye izinqubo ezifanayo ukuthi abe ngokoqobo. Futhi-electrolysis ukubaluleka itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ngosizo yayo uthole ahlanzekile, cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amaphesenti izinsimbi.

Thola okungenani zethusi. I-ore yethusi iqukethe oxides zayo, i-sulphur compounds nezinye ukungcola metal. Nethusi itholakala kulo i-ore, nazo zonke lezi ukungcola uphonswa e amapuleti. Khona-ke amapuleti ezibekwe njengenhlangano anode isixazululo zethusi sulfate (CuSO4). Futhi kulandele isicelo electrolysis. Ngo zokugeza ezithile electrode isicelo voltage metal okumsulwa eyakhululwa eMihlanganweni cathode. Futhi konke ukungcola kuthiwa ukugqashuka noma ukudlula phakathi electrolyte, ngaphandle emi cathode.

Futhi ukusetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa oluhlelwe ngezihloko futhi electrolysis aluminium. I ikhambi aqueous kule nqubo azenziwanga, it is ithathelwe indawo bauxite esibunjiweyo. Ngo imikhando enjalo inezinto aluminium oxide nensimbi oxide ne-silicon. Ngemva ekwelapheni bauxite nge alikhali ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo ngokuthi alumina. Lokhu alumina selulayisheke phakathi kwesithando somlilo refractory ezansi futhi izindonga zazo zibekwe carbon ipuleti. Lezi zingqimba ixhunywe kugesi negative umthombo. A exhunywe kwi-omuhle carbon anode efinyelela ogangeni somlilo. Futhi lapho wehlise anode esithandweni kuphakama arc kagesi liyancibilika le alumina. Kamuva kulo mass oncibilikisiwe kwenzeka inqubo electrolytic. Futhi ezansi kuhhavini iqoqa okumsulwa (99.5%) aluminium, okuyinto ke batheleka isikhunta.

Kodwa ukusetshenziswa electrolysis akuyona electrometallurgy kuphela. Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukuthi abanye izinsimbi camera nge ungqimba lomunye metal. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi Electroplating futhi osebenza kuyo ukuze avimbele ebusweni metal kusukela namachibi, wasinikeza amandla enkulu futhi ngokunginika leli ebusweni ukubukeka kangcono. Futhi njengoba ezinengilazi ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa nickel futhi-chrome, kukhona okuncane ukungenwa namachibi noma izinsimbi yizicukuthwane ezifana isiliva negolide.

Kulokhu, lesi sihloko ukuba enamathela electroplated, degreased ngokucophelela, bahlanza futhi yona-iphucuziwe. Khona-ke yafakwa njengoba cathode kule okugeza Plating. I electrolyte kule okugeza yisisombululo usawoti sensimbi, okuyinto liyombozwa umkhiqizo. Futhi anode wenziwe metal efanayo. Futhi ngakho-ke Kwatholakala enamathela iyunifomu, le cathode ibekwe phakathi anodes ezimbili. Khona-ke electrode bephethe amandla uzimisele wamanje, kanye cathode camera nge ungqimba zesiliva, nezitsha zegolide, nickel noma chromium.

Kukhona ukusetshenziswa okunjalo electrolysis ebizwe electroformed. Le ndlela inikeza ikhophi ezihlukahlukene sufaka (izindondo, zemali, bas-imifanekiso). Ngenxa yale njongo kusuka impahla plastic ezifana wax, kuba ikhophi into. Kwase camera nge-graphite uthuli sokuwunikeza electroconductivity ugaxe ikhophi kule okugeza, lapho siba njengendawo enhle cathode. Futhi ngo-electrolysis lokhu ikhophi camera ne oyifunayo ukujiya metal. A wax ke isuswe ngu bafudumale. Futhi lena kuphela ingxenye encane namathuba anikezwa yi-indlela ebizwa nge-electrolysis.